Chứng minh đẳng thức:
a) \(\dfrac{\pi}{4}=1-\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{5}-\dfrac{1}{7}+\dfrac{1}{9}-...\)
b) \(\dfrac{\pi^2}{6}=\dfrac{1}{1^2}+\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+\dfrac{1}{4^2}+...\)
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1,\(VT=\dfrac{sin\left(\dfrac{\pi}{4}+\dfrac{x}{2}\right)}{cos\left(\dfrac{\pi}{4}+\dfrac{x}{2}\right)}+\dfrac{cos\left(\dfrac{\pi}{4}+\dfrac{x}{2}\right)}{sin\left(\dfrac{\pi}{4}+\dfrac{x}{2}\right)}\)\(=\dfrac{sin\left(\dfrac{\pi}{4}+\dfrac{x}{2}\right)^2+cos^2\left(\dfrac{\pi}{4}+\dfrac{x}{2}\right)}{cos\left(\dfrac{\pi}{4}+\dfrac{x}{2}\right).sin\left(\dfrac{\pi}{4}+\dfrac{x}{2}\right)}\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{1}{2}.sin\left(\dfrac{\pi}{2}+x\right)}=\dfrac{2}{cosx}=VP\)
2,\(VT=\left(sin^4x-cos^4x\right)\left(sin^4x+cos^4x\right)=\left(sin^2x+cos^2x\right)\left(sin^2x-cos^2x\right)\left[\left(sin^2x+cos^2x\right)^2-2sin^2x.cos^2x\right]\)
\(=\left(sin^2-cos^2x\right)\left(1-2sin^2x.cos^2x\right)\)\(=-cos2x\left(1-\dfrac{1}{2}sin^22x\right)\)\(=-\dfrac{cos2x\left(2-sin^22x\right)}{2}=-\dfrac{cos2x\left(1+cos^22x\right)}{2}\)
\(VP=-\left(\dfrac{7}{8}cos2x+\dfrac{1}{8}cos6x\right)=-\dfrac{7}{8}cos2x-\dfrac{1}{8}\left[4cos^32x-3cos2x\right]=-\dfrac{7}{8}.cos2x-\dfrac{1}{2}cos^32x+\dfrac{3}{8}cos2x\)
\(=-\dfrac{1}{2}cos2x-\dfrac{1}{2}cos^32x=\dfrac{-cos2x\left(1+cos^22x\right)}{2}\)
\(\Rightarrow VT=VP\)(đpcm)
3, \(VT=3-4\left(1-2sin^2x\right)+1-2sin^22x=8sin^2x-2sin^22x=8sin^2x-8.sin^2x.cos^2x=8sin^2x\left(1-cos^2x\right)=8sin^4x=VP\)
4,\(VP=\dfrac{1}{2}\left[sin\left(x+\dfrac{\pi}{2}\right)+sin\left(3x+\dfrac{\pi}{6}\right)\right]-\dfrac{1}{2}\left[cos\left(3x-\dfrac{\pi}{3}\right)+cos\left(x+\pi\right)\right]\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(cosx+sin3x.\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}+\dfrac{cos3x}{2}\right)-\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{cos3x}{2}+sin3x.\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}-cosx\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{2}.2cosx=cosx=VP\)
5, \(VP=4cos\left(2x-\dfrac{\pi}{6}\right).\left(sinx.\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}+\dfrac{cosx}{2}\right)^2\)\(=cos\left(2x-\dfrac{\pi}{6}\right).\left(sinx.\sqrt{3}+cosx\right)^2\)
\(VT=2.cos\left(2x-\dfrac{\pi}{6}\right)+2.sin\left(2x-\dfrac{\pi}{6}\right).cos\left(2x-\dfrac{\pi}{6}\right)=2cos\left(2x-\dfrac{\pi}{6}\right)\left[1+sin\left(2x-\dfrac{\pi}{6}\right)\right]\)
\(=2cos\left(2x-\dfrac{\pi}{6}\right)\left(1+\dfrac{sin2x.\sqrt{3}}{2}-\dfrac{cos2x}{2}\right)\)\(=2cos\left(2x-\dfrac{\pi}{6}\right)\left(sin^2x+cos^2x+sinx.cosx.\sqrt{3}-\dfrac{cos^2x-sin^2x}{2}\right)\)
\(=2cos\left(2x-\dfrac{\pi}{6}\right)\left(sin^2x.\dfrac{3}{2}+sinx.cosx.\sqrt{3}+\dfrac{cos^2x}{2}\right)\)\(=cos\left(2x-\dfrac{\pi}{6}\right)\left(sin^2x.3+2sinx.cosx.\sqrt{3}+cos^2x\right)\)
\(=cos\left(2x-\dfrac{\pi}{6}\right)\left(sinx.\sqrt{3}+cosx\right)^2\)
\(\Rightarrow VT=VP\) (dpcm)
a) Để chứng minh đẳng thức: 1 - cos^2(π/2 - x) / (1 - sin^2(π/2 - x)) = -cot(π/2 - x) * tan(π/2 - x) ta sẽ chứng minh cả hai phía bằng nhau. Bên trái: 1 - cos^2(π/2 - x) / (1 - sin^2(π/2 - x)) = sin^2(π/2 - x) / (1 - sin^2(π/2 - x)) = sin^2(π/2 - x) / cos^2(π/2 - x) = (sin(π/2 - x) / cos(π/2 - x))^2 = (cos(x) / sin(x))^2 = cot^2(x) Bên phải: -cot(π/2 - x) * tan(π/2 - x) = -cot(π/2 - x) * (1 / tan(π/2 - x)) = -cot(π/2 - x) * (cos(π/2 - x) / sin(π/2 - x)) = -(cos(x) / sin(x)) * (sin(x) / cos(x)) = -1 Vậy, cả hai phía bằng nhau và đẳng thức được chứng minh. b) Để chứng minh đẳng thức: (1 + cos^2(x)) * (1 + cot^2(x)) * tan(x) = tan^2(x) ta sẽ chứng minh cả hai phía bằng nhau. Bên trái: (1 + cos^2(x)) * (1 + cot^2(x)) * tan(x) = (1 + cos^2(x)) * (1 + (cos(x) / sin(x))^2) * (sin(x) / cos(x)) = (1 + cos^2(x)) * (1 + cos^2(x) / sin^2(x)) * (sin(x) / cos(x)) = (1 + cos^2(x)) * (sin^2(x) + cos^2(x)) / sin^2(x) * (sin(x) / cos(x)) = (1 + cos^2(x)) * 1 / sin^2(x) * (sin(x) / cos(x)) = (1 + cos^2(x)) / sin^2(x) * (sin(x) / cos(x)) = (cos^2(x) + sin^2(x)) / sin^2(x) * (sin(x) / cos(x)) = 1 / sin^2(x) * (sin(x) / cos(x)) = tan^2(x) Bên phải: tan^2(x) Vậy, cả hai phía bằng nhau và đẳng thức được chứng minh.
Để chứng minh các định lượng đẳng cấp, ta sẽ sử dụng các công thức định lượng giác cơ bản và các quy tắc biến đổi đẳng thức. a) Bắt đầu với phương trình ban đầu: 1 - cos^2(π/2 - x) / (1 - sin^2(π/2 - x)) = -cot(π/2 - x) * tan( π/2 - x) Ta biết rằng: cos^2(π/2 - x) = sin^2(x) (công thức lượng giác) sin^2(π/2 - x) = cos^2(x) (công thức lượng giác) Thay vào phương trình ban đầu, ta có: 1 - sin^2(x) / (1 - cos^2(x)) = -cot(π/2 - x) * tan(π/ 2 - x) Tiếp theo, ta sẽ tính toán một số lượng giác: cot(π/2 - x) = cos(π/2 - x) / sin(π/2 - x) = sin(x) / cos(x) = tan(x) (công thức lượng giác) tan(π/2 - x) = sin(π/2 - x) / cos(π/2 - x) = cos(x) / sin(x) = 1 / tan(x) (công thức lượng giác) Thay vào phương trình, ta có: 1 - sin^2(x) / (1 - cos^2(x)) = -tan(x) * (1/tan(x)) = -1 Vì vậy, ta đã chứng minh là đúng. b) Bắt đầu với phương thức ban đầu: (1/cos^2(x) + 1) * tan(x) = tan^2(x) Tiếp tục chuyển đổi phép tính: 1/cos^2(x) + 1 = tan^2(x) / tan(x) = tan(x) Tiếp theo, ta sẽ tính toán một số giá trị lượng giác: 1/cos^2(x) = sec^2(x) (công thức) lượng giác) sec^2(x) + 1 = tan^2(x) + 1 = sin^2(x)/cos^2(x) + 1 = (sin^2(x) + cos^2(x) ))/cos^2(x) = 1/cos^2(x) Thay thế vào phương trình ban đầu, ta có: 1/cos^2(x) + 1 = 1/cos^2(x) Do đó, ta đã chứng minh được b)đúng.
Ta có:
\(\dfrac{1}{2^2}=\dfrac{1}{2\cdot2}< \dfrac{1}{1\cdot2}\)
\(\dfrac{1}{3^2}=\dfrac{1}{3\cdot3}< \dfrac{1}{2\cdot3}\)
\(\dfrac{1}{4^2}=\dfrac{1}{4\cdot4}< \dfrac{1}{3\cdot4}\)
...
\(\dfrac{1}{9^2}=\dfrac{1}{9\cdot9}< \dfrac{1}{8\cdot9}\)
\(\dfrac{1}{10^2}=\dfrac{1}{10\cdot10}< \dfrac{1}{9\cdot10}\)
\(\Rightarrow A=\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+\dfrac{1}{4^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{10^2}< \dfrac{1}{1\cdot2}+\dfrac{1}{2\cdot3}+\dfrac{1}{3\cdot4}+...+\dfrac{1}{9\cdot10}\)
\(\Rightarrow A< 1-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{9}-\dfrac{1}{10}\)
\(\Rightarrow A< 1-\dfrac{1}{10}\)
\(\Rightarrow A< \dfrac{9}{10}\)
\(\Rightarrow A< 1\) (vì: \(\dfrac{9}{10}< 1\))
a) \(\dfrac{-2}{5}=\dfrac{-14}{35}\)
b) \(\dfrac{9}{4}=\dfrac{\dfrac{1}{4}}{\dfrac{1}{9}}\)
Bài 1)
Ta có:
A = \(\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+\dfrac{1}{4^2}+\dfrac{1}{5^2}+\dfrac{1}{6^2}+\dfrac{1}{7^2}+\dfrac{1}{8^2}\)
A < \(\dfrac{1}{1.2}+\dfrac{1}{2.3}+\dfrac{1}{3.4}+\dfrac{1}{4.5}+\dfrac{1}{5.6}+\dfrac{1}{6.7}+\dfrac{1}{7.8}\)
A < \(1-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{4}-\dfrac{1}{5}+\dfrac{1}{5}-\dfrac{1}{6}+\dfrac{1}{6}-\dfrac{1}{7}+\dfrac{1}{7}-\dfrac{1}{8}\)
A < \(1-\dfrac{1}{8}\) = \(\dfrac{7}{8}\) < 1
Vậy A < 1
Bài 2)
Ta thấy:
\(\dfrac{2011}{2012+2013}< \dfrac{2011}{2012};\dfrac{2012}{2012+2013}< \dfrac{2012}{2013}\)
\(\Rightarrow\) \(\dfrac{2011}{2012+2013}+\dfrac{2012}{2012+2013}< \dfrac{2011}{2012}+\dfrac{2012}{2013}\)
\(\Rightarrow\) \(\dfrac{2011+2012}{2012+2013}< \dfrac{2011}{2012}+\dfrac{2012}{2013}\)
\(\Rightarrow\) A < B
Bài 3)
Ta có:
B = \(\left(1-\dfrac{1}{1}\right)\left(1-\dfrac{1}{3}\right).\left(1-\dfrac{1}{4}\right)......\left(1-\dfrac{1}{20}\right)\)
= \(0.\left(1-\dfrac{1}{3}\right)\left(1-\dfrac{1}{4}\right)......\left(1-\dfrac{1}{20}\right)\)
= 0
Bài 3)
Ta có:
A = \(1+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{2^3}+.....+\dfrac{1}{2^{2012}}\)
\(\Rightarrow\) 2A = \(2\left(1+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{2^3}+.....+\dfrac{1}{2^{2012}}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow\) 2A = \(2+1+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2^2}+.....+\dfrac{1}{2^{2011}}\)
\(\Rightarrow\) 2A - A = \(\left(2+1+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2^2}+.....+\dfrac{1}{2^{2011}}\right)\)-\(\left(1+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{2^3}+.....+\dfrac{1}{2^{2012}}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow\) A = 2 - \(\dfrac{1}{2^{2012}}\) = \(\dfrac{2^{2013}-1}{2^{2012}}\)
Bài 5)
\(\pi\) + 5 \(⋮\) \(\pi\) - 2
\(\Leftrightarrow\) \(\pi\) - 2 + 7 \(⋮\) \(\pi\) - 2
\(\Leftrightarrow\) 7 \(⋮\) \(\pi\) - 2 (vì \(\pi\) - 2 \(⋮\) \(\pi\) - 2)
\(\Leftrightarrow\) \(\pi\) - 2 \(\in\) Ư(7)
\(\Leftrightarrow\) \(\pi\) - 2 \(\in\) \(\left\{\pm1;\pm7\right\}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\) \(\pi\) \(\in\) \(\left\{1;3;-5;9\right\}\)
a) `1/3 - 1/4 : 2/5 = 1/3 - 5/8 = -7/24`
b) `6/7-(5/6+1/3)-(2/3+1/7) = 6/7-5/6-1/3-2/3-1/7`
`=(6/7-1/7)-(1/3+2/3)-5/6`
`=5/7-1-5/6`
`=-47/42`
c) `-5/9 . 2/5 + 4 5/9 + 5/9 . (-3/5)`
`= -5/9 . 2/5 + 4 + 5/9 + (-5/9) . 3/5`
`=-5/9 . (2/5 + 3/5-1) + 4`
`=-5/9 . 0 +4`
`=4`
d) 3 1/2 - (5 4/7 - 1 1/2) : 0,75`
`=7/2 - (39/7 - 3/2) : 3/4`
`= 7/2 - 57/14 : 3/4`
`=7/2 - 38/7`
`=-27/14`
`A=(8 2/7-4 2/7)-3 4/9`
`=8+2/7-4-2/7-3-4/9`
`=4-3-4/9`
`=1-4/9=5/9`
`B=(10 2/9-6 2/9)+2 3/5`
`=10+2/9-6-2/9+2+3/5`
`=4+2+3/5`
`=6+3/5=33/5`
Bài 2:
`a)5 1/2*3 1/4`
`=11/2*13/4`
`=143/8`
`b)6 1/3:4 2/9`
`=19/3:38/9`
`=19/3*9/38=3/2`
`c)4 3/7*2`
`=31/7*2`
`=62/7`
Bài 1:
\(A=\left(8\dfrac{2}{7}-4\dfrac{2}{7}\right)-3\dfrac{4}{9}\)
\(A=\left(\dfrac{58}{7}-\dfrac{30}{7}\right)-\dfrac{31}{9}\)
\(A=4-\dfrac{31}{9}\)
\(A=\dfrac{5}{9}\)
\(B=\left(10\dfrac{2}{9}-6\dfrac{2}{9}\right)+2\dfrac{3}{5}\)
\(B=\left(\dfrac{92}{9}-\dfrac{56}{9}\right)+\dfrac{13}{5}\)
\(B=4+\dfrac{13}{5}\)
\(B=\dfrac{33}{5}\)
\(\left(4-\sqrt{7}\right)^2=4^2-2\cdot4\cdot\sqrt{7}+7\)
\(=16-8\sqrt{7}+7=23-8\sqrt{7}\)
\(\sqrt{9-4\sqrt{5}}-\sqrt{5}\)
\(=\sqrt{5-2\cdot\sqrt{5}\cdot2+4}-\sqrt{5}\)
\(=\sqrt{\left(\sqrt{5}-2\right)^2}-\sqrt{5}\)
\(=\left|\sqrt{5}-2\right|-\sqrt{5}\)
\(=\sqrt{5}-2-\sqrt{5}=-2\)
\(\dfrac{\sqrt{4-2\sqrt{3}}}{1+\sqrt{2}}:\dfrac{\sqrt{2}-1}{\sqrt{3}+1}\)
\(=\dfrac{\sqrt{3-2\cdot\sqrt{3}\cdot1+1}}{\sqrt{2}+1}\cdot\dfrac{\sqrt{3}+1}{\sqrt{2}-1}\)
\(=\dfrac{\sqrt{\left(\sqrt{3}-1\right)^2}}{\sqrt{2}+1}\cdot\dfrac{\sqrt{3}+1}{\sqrt{2}-1}\)
\(=\dfrac{\left(\sqrt{3}-1\right)\left(\sqrt{3}+1\right)}{\left(\sqrt{2}+1\right)\left(\sqrt{2}-1\right)}=\dfrac{3-1}{2-1}=2\)
\(\left(\dfrac{2\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{6}}{\sqrt{8}-2}-\dfrac{\sqrt{216}}{3}\right)\cdot\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{6}}\)
\(=\left(\dfrac{\sqrt{6}\left(\sqrt{2}-1\right)}{2\left(\sqrt{2}-1\right)}-\dfrac{6\sqrt{6}}{3}\right)\cdot\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{6}}\)
\(=\left(\dfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{6}-2\sqrt{6}\right)\cdot\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{6}}\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{2}-2=-\dfrac{3}{2}=-1,5\)