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a) \(x^3+y^3+z^3-3xyz\)
\(=x^3+3x^2y+3xy^2+y^3+z^3-3x^2y-3xy^3-3xyz\)
\(=\left(x+y\right)^3+z^3-3xy\left(x+y+z\right)\)
\(=\left(x+y+z\right)\left[\left(x+y\right)^2-\left(x+y\right)z+z^2\right]-3xy\left(x+y+z\right)\)
\(=\left(x+y+z\right)\left(x^2+2xy+y^2-xz-yz+z^2\right)-3xy\left(x+y+z\right)\)
\(=\left(x+y+z\right)\left(x^2+2xy+y^2-xz-yz+z^2-3xy\right)\)
\(=\left(x+y+z\right)\left(x^2+y^2+z^2-xy-xz-yz\right)\)
Bài 3:
a) Ta có: \(x^2+3x+3\)
\(=x^2+2\cdot x\cdot\frac{3}{2}+\frac{9}{4}+\frac{3}{4}\)
\(=\left(x+\frac{3}{2}\right)^2+\frac{3}{4}\)
Ta có: \(\left(x+\frac{3}{2}\right)^2\ge0\forall x\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(x+\frac{3}{2}\right)^2+\frac{3}{4}\ge\frac{3}{4}\forall x\)
Dấu '=' xảy ra khi \(\left(x+\frac{3}{2}\right)^2=0\Leftrightarrow x+\frac{3}{2}=0\Leftrightarrow x=\frac{-3}{2}\)
Vậy: Giá trị nhỏ nhất của biểu thức \(P=x^2+3x+3\) là \(\frac{3}{4}\) khi \(x=\frac{-3}{2}\)
b) Ta có: \(Q=x^2+2y^2+2xy-2y\)
\(=x^2+2xy+y^2+y^2-2y+1-1\)
\(=\left(x+y\right)^2+\left(y-1\right)^2-1\)
Ta có: \(\left(x+y\right)^2\ge0\forall x,y\)
\(\left(y-1\right)^2\ge0\forall y\)
Do đó: \(\left(x+y\right)^2+\left(y-1\right)^2\ge0\forall x,y\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(x+y\right)^2+\left(y-1\right)^2-1\ge-1\forall x,y\)
Dấu '=' xảy ra khi
\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\left(x+y\right)^2=0\\\left(y-1\right)^2=0\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y=0\\y-1=0\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+1=0\\y=1\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=-1\\y=1\end{matrix}\right.\)
Vậy: Giá trị nhỏ nhất của biểu thức \(Q=x^2+2y^2+2xy-2y\) là -1 khi x=-1 và y=1
\(x^3+y^3+z^3=3xyz\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x^3+y^3+z^3-3xyz=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x^3+3x^2y+3xy^2+y^3\right)+z^3-3x^2y-3xy^2-3xyz=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x+y\right)^3+z^3-3xy\left(x+y+z\right)=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x+y+z\right)\left(x^2+2xy-xz-yz+z^2\right)-3xy\left(x+y+z\right)=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x+y+z\right)\left(x^2+y^2+z^2-xy-yz-xz\right)=0\)
Vì \(x+y+z\ne0\) nên \(x^2+y^2+z^2-xy-yz-xz=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{1}{2}\left[\left(x-y\right)^2+\left(y-z\right)^2+\left(x-z\right)^2\right]=0\)
\(\Rightarrow x=y=z\) thay vào P ta được :
\(P=\left(1+\frac{x}{x}\right)\left(1+\frac{y}{y}\right)\left(1+\frac{z}{z}\right)=2.2.2=8\)
1) \(21x^2+21y^2+z^2\)
\(=18\left(x^2+y^2\right)+z^2+3\left(x^2+y^2\right)\)
\(\ge9\left(x+y\right)^2+z^2+3.2xy\)
\(\ge2.3\left(x+y\right).z+6xy\)
\(=6\left(xy+yz+zx\right)=6.13=78\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra <=> x = y ; 3(x+y) = z; xy + yz + zx= 13 <=> x = y = 1; z= 6
2) \(x+y+z=3xyz\)
<=> \(\frac{1}{xy}+\frac{1}{yz}+\frac{1}{zx}=3\)
Đặt: \(\frac{1}{x}=a;\frac{1}{y}=b;\frac{1}{z}=c\)=> ab + bc + ca = 3
Ta cần chứng minh: \(3a^2+b^2+3c^2\ge6\)
Ta có: \(3a^2+b^2+3c^2=\left(a^2+c^2\right)+2\left(a^2+c^2\right)+b^2\)
\(\ge2ac+\left(a+c\right)^2+b^2\ge2ac+2\left(a+c\right).b=2\left(ac+ab+bc\right)=6\)
Vậy: \(\frac{3}{x^2}+\frac{1}{y^2}+\frac{3}{z^2}\ge6\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra <=> a = c = \(\sqrt{\frac{3}{5}}\); \(b=2\sqrt{\frac{3}{5}}\)
khi đó: \(x=z=\sqrt{\frac{5}{3}};y=\sqrt{\frac{5}{3}}\)
Ta có : \(x+y+z=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x+y=-z\) \(\Leftrightarrow\left(x+y\right)^3=-z^3\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x^3+3x^2y+3xy^2+y^3=-z^3\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x^3+y^3+z^3=-3xy\left(x+y\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x^3+y^3+z^3=3xyz\)
* Áp dụng :
Ta có: \(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}=0\Leftrightarrow ab+bc+ca=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^3b^3+b^3c^3+c^3a^3=3ab.bc.ca=3a^2b^2c^2\)
Khi đó \(M=\frac{ab}{c^2}+\frac{bc}{a^2}+\frac{ca}{b^2}=\frac{a^3b^3+b^3c^3+c^3a^3}{a^2b^2c^2}=\frac{3a^2b^2c^2}{a^2b^2c^2}=3\)