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Không mất tính tổng quát giả sử: \(A\ge B\ge C\). Khi đó \(A\ge\dfrac{\pi}{3};C\le\dfrac{\pi}{3}\)
Vì \(\dfrac{\pi}{2}\ge A\ge\dfrac{\pi}{3}\) và \(\pi\ge A+B=\pi-C\ge\dfrac{2\pi}{3}\) nên
\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{\pi}{2}\ge A\ge\dfrac{\pi}{3}\\\dfrac{\pi}{2}+\dfrac{\pi}{2}\ge A+B\ge\dfrac{\pi}{3}+\dfrac{\pi}{3}\\\dfrac{\pi}{2}+\dfrac{\pi}{2}+0=A+B+C=\dfrac{\pi}{3}+\dfrac{\pi}{3}+\dfrac{\pi}{3}\end{matrix}\right.\)
Xét hàm số \(f\left(x\right)=\cos x\forall x\in\left[0;\dfrac{\pi}{2}\right]\)
Ta có: \(f"\left(x\right)=-\cos x< 0\forall x\in\left[0;\dfrac{\pi}{2}\right]\) nên hàm số \(f\left(x\right)\) lõm trên đoạn \(\left[0;\dfrac{\pi}{2}\right]\). Khi đó, theo BĐT Karamata ta có:
\(f\left(\dfrac{\pi}{2}\right)+f\left(\dfrac{\pi}{2}\right)+f\left(0\right)\le f\left(A\right)+f\left(B\right)+f\left(C\right)\le3f\left(\dfrac{\pi}{3}\right)\)
Hay \(\cos A+\cos B+\cos C\le\dfrac{3}{2}\)
\(\dfrac{cosA}{a}+\dfrac{cosB}{b}+\dfrac{cosC}{c}\)
\(=\dfrac{b^2+c^2-a^2}{2abc}+\dfrac{a^2+c^2-b^2}{2abc}+\dfrac{a^2+b^2-c^2}{2abc}\)
\(=\dfrac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{2abc}\) (đpcm)
a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc.cosA
b2 = a2 + c2 - 2ac.cosB
c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab.cosC
⇒ a2 + b2 + c2 = 2bc.cosA + 2ac.cosB + 2ab.cosC
⇒ VT = \(\dfrac{2bc.cosA}{2abc}+\dfrac{2ab.cosC}{2abc}+\dfrac{2ac.cosB}{2abc}\)
⇒ VT = \(\dfrac{cosA}{a}+\dfrac{cosB}{b}+\dfrac{cosC}{c}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{b^2+c^2-a^2}{2abc}+\dfrac{a^2+c^2-b^2}{2abc}+\dfrac{a^2+b^2-c^2}{2abc}=\dfrac{a}{bc}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{2abc}=\dfrac{a}{bc}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2=2a^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2=b^2+c^2\)
\(\Rightarrow\) Tam giác vuông tại A theo Pitago đảo
a/ \(b^2-c^2=ab.cosC-ac.cosB\)
Ta có: \(b.cosC-c.cosB=ab.\dfrac{a^2+b^2-c^2}{2ab}-ac.\dfrac{a^2+c^2-b^2}{2ac}\)
\(=\dfrac{a^2+b^2-c^2}{2}-\dfrac{a^2+c^2-b^2}{2}=\dfrac{2b^2-2c^2}{2}=b^2-c^2\) (đpcm)
b/ \(ac.cosC-ab.cosB=ac.\dfrac{a^2+b^2-c^2}{2ab}-ab.\dfrac{a^2+c^2-b^2}{2ac}\)
\(=\dfrac{c^2\left(a^2+b^2-c^2\right)-b^2\left(a^2+c^2-b^2\right)}{2bc}=\dfrac{\left(ac\right)^2-\left(ab\right)^2+b^4-c^4}{2bc}\)
\(=\dfrac{-a^2\left(b^2-c^2\right)+\left(b^2-c^2\right)\left(b^2+c^2\right)}{2bc}=\left(b^2-c^2\right).\dfrac{\left(b^2+c^2-a^2\right)}{2bc}\)
\(=\left(b^2-c^2\right).cosA\) (đpcm)
c/ \(cotA+cotB+cotC=\dfrac{cosA}{sinA}+\dfrac{cosB}{sinB}+\dfrac{cosC}{sinC}=\dfrac{2R.cosA}{a}+\dfrac{2R.cosB}{b}+\dfrac{2R.cosC}{c}\)
\(=2R\left(\dfrac{b^2+c^2-a^2}{2abc}+\dfrac{a^2+c^2-b^2}{2abc}+\dfrac{a^2+b^2-c^2}{2abc}\right)\)
\(=2R\left(\dfrac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{2abc}\right)=\dfrac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{abc}.R\) (đpcm)
Lời giải:
Đặt \(\frac{a+b}{6}=\frac{b+c}{5}=\frac{c+a}{7}=k\Rightarrow \left\{\begin{matrix} a+b=6k\\ b+c=5k\\ c+a=7k\end{matrix}\right.(1)\)
\(\Rightarrow 2(a+b+c)=6k+5k+7k=18k\Rightarrow a+b+c=9k(2)\)
Từ \((1);(2) \Rightarrow \left\{\begin{matrix} c=3k\\ a=4k\\ b=2k\end{matrix}\right.\)
Theo định lý hàm số cos ta có:
\(a^2=b^2+c^2-2bc\cos A\)
\(\Rightarrow \cos A=\frac{b^2+c^2-a^2}{2bc}=\frac{(2k)^2+(3k)^2-(4k)^2}{2.2k.3k}=\frac{-1}{4}\)
Tương tự: \(\cos B=\frac{c^2+a^2-b^2}{2ac}=\frac{7}{8}\)
\(\cos C=\frac{a^2+b^2-c^2}{2ab}=\frac{11}{16}\)