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\(\overrightarrow{AD}=2\overrightarrow{DB}\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{AD}=\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}\) ; \(\overrightarrow{CE}=3\overrightarrow{EA}\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{AE}=\dfrac{1}{4}\overrightarrow{AC}\)
Lại có M là trung điểm DE
\(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{AM}=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\overrightarrow{AD}+\overrightarrow{AE}\right)=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{4}\overrightarrow{AC}\right)=\dfrac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{8}\overrightarrow{AC}\)
I là trung điểm BC \(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{AI}=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{AC}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{MI}=\overrightarrow{MA}+\overrightarrow{AI}=\overrightarrow{AI}-\overrightarrow{AM}=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AC}-\dfrac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}-\dfrac{1}{8}\overrightarrow{AC}=\dfrac{1}{6}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{3}{8}\overrightarrow{AC}\)
Lời giải:
a) Vì $M$ là trung điểm của $EF$ nên \(\overrightarrow {ME}+\overrightarrow{MF}=0\), tương tự \(\overrightarrow{NB}+\overrightarrow{NC}=0\)
Từ đkđb ta cũng có \(AE=\frac{1}{3}AB;AF=\frac{3}{5}AC\)
Ý 1:
\(\left\{\begin{matrix} \overrightarrow{AM}=\overrightarrow{AE}+\overrightarrow{EM}\\ \overrightarrow{AM}=\overrightarrow{AF}+\overrightarrow{FM}\end{matrix}\right. \)
\(\Rightarrow 2\overrightarrow{AM}=\overrightarrow{AE}+\overrightarrow{AF}-(\overrightarrow{ME}+\overrightarrow{MF})=\overrightarrow{AE}+\overrightarrow{AF}\)
\(=\frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}+\frac{3}{5}\overrightarrow{AC}\)\(\Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow{AM}=\frac{1}{6}\overrightarrow{AB}+\frac{3}{10}\overrightarrow{AC}\)
Ý 2:
\(\left\{\begin{matrix} \overrightarrow{MN}=\overrightarrow{ME}+\overrightarrow{EB}+\overrightarrow{BN}\\ \overrightarrow{MN}=\overrightarrow{MF}+\overrightarrow{FC}+\overrightarrow{CN}\end{matrix}\right.\Rightarrow 2\overrightarrow{MN}=(\overrightarrow{ME}+\overrightarrow{MF})+\overrightarrow{EB}+\overrightarrow{FC}-(\overrightarrow{NB}+\overrightarrow{NC})\)
\(\Leftrightarrow 2\overrightarrow{MN}=\overrightarrow{EB}+\overrightarrow{FC}=\frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}+\frac{2}{5}\overrightarrow{AC}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow{MN}=\frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}+\frac{1}{5}\overrightarrow{AC}\)
b)
Theo đkđb ta có: \(\overrightarrow{BG}=3\overrightarrow{CG}\)
\(\left\{\begin{matrix} \overrightarrow{AG}=\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{BG}\\ \overrightarrow{AG}=\overrightarrow{AC}+\overrightarrow{CG}\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow \left\{\begin{matrix} \overrightarrow{AG}=\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{BG}\\ 3\overrightarrow{AG}=3\overrightarrow{AC}+3\overrightarrow{CG}\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow 2\overrightarrow{AG}=3\overrightarrow{AC}-\overrightarrow{AB}\Rightarrow \overrightarrow{AG}=\frac{3}{2}\overrightarrow{AC}-\frac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}\)
Lại có:
\(\overrightarrow{EG}=\overrightarrow{EA}+\overrightarrow{AG}=\frac{-1}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}+\frac{3}{2}\overrightarrow{AC}-\frac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}=\frac{3}{2}\overrightarrow{AC}-\frac{5}{6}\overrightarrow{AB}\)
\(\overrightarrow{FG}=\overrightarrow{FA}+\overrightarrow{AG}=\frac{-3}{5}\overrightarrow{AC}+\frac{3}{2}\overrightarrow{AC}-\frac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}=\frac{9}{10}\overrightarrow{AC}-\frac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}\)
c) Từ phần b ta thấy \(\frac{3}{5}\overrightarrow{EG}=\overrightarrow{FG}\Rightarrow E,G,F\) thẳng hàng.
Lời giải:
Với $I$ là trung điểm của $BC$ thì \(\overrightarrow{IB}+\overrightarrow{IC}=\overrightarrow{0}\)
Ta có:
\(\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{AC}=\overrightarrow{AI}+\overrightarrow{IB}+\overrightarrow{AI}+\overrightarrow{IC}\)
\(=2\overrightarrow{AI}+(\overrightarrow{IB}+\overrightarrow{IC})\)
\(=2\overrightarrow{AI}\)
\(\Rightarrow \overrightarrow{AI}=\frac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}+\frac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AC}\) (đpcm)
b) Gọi giao điểm của $AG$ với $BC$ là $T$
\(\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{AC}=\overrightarrow{AG}+\overrightarrow{GB}+\overrightarrow{AG}+\overrightarrow{GC}\)
\(=2\overrightarrow{AG}+\overrightarrow{GB}+\overrightarrow{GC}=2\overrightarrow{AG}+\overrightarrow{GI}+\overrightarrow{IB}+\overrightarrow{GI}+\overrightarrow{IC}\)
\(=2\overrightarrow{AG}+2\overrightarrow{GI}\)
Theo tính chất đường trung tuyến thì \(\overrightarrow{AG}=2\overrightarrow{GI}\) nên:
\(\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{AC}=2\overrightarrow{AG}+\overrightarrow{AG}=3\overrightarrow{AG}\)
\(\Rightarrow \overrightarrow{AG}=\frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}+\frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AC}\)
Lời giải:
Ta luôn có \(B,G,M,H\) thẳng hàng.
Vì $H$ đối xứng với $B$ qua $G$ nên $BG=GH$; mà theo tính chất trọng tâm tam giác thì \(GM=\frac{1}{2}BG\) \(\Rightarrow GM=\frac{1}{2}GH\). Do đó $M$ là trung điểm của $GH$
\(\Rightarrow \overrightarrow{MH}=\overrightarrow{GM}\) (1)
Ta có:
\(\left\{\begin{matrix} \overrightarrow{GM}=\overrightarrow{GA}+\overrightarrow{AM}\\ \overrightarrow{GM}=\overrightarrow{GC}+\overrightarrow{CM}\end{matrix}\right.\Rightarrow 2\overrightarrow{GM}=\overrightarrow{GA}+\overrightarrow{GC}+(\overrightarrow{AM}+\overrightarrow{CM})\)
Mà \(\overrightarrow{AM}+\overrightarrow{CM}=0\) do $M$ là trung điểm $AC$
\(\Rightarrow 2\overrightarrow{GM}=\overrightarrow{GA}+\overrightarrow{GC}=\overrightarrow{GA}+\overrightarrow{GA}+\overrightarrow{AC}=2\overrightarrow{GA}+\overrightarrow{AC}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow 2\overrightarrow{GM}=2(\overrightarrow {GB}+\overrightarrow{BA})+\overrightarrow{AC}=2\overrightarrow{GB}+\overrightarrow{AC}-2\overrightarrow{AB}\)
Mà \(MG=\frac{1}{2}BG\) (cmt) do đó \(\overrightarrow{GM}=\frac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{BG}=-\frac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{GB}\)
\(\Rightarrow 2\overrightarrow {GM}=-4\overrightarrow{GM}+\overrightarrow{AC}-2\overrightarrow{AB}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow 6\overrightarrow{GM}=\overrightarrow{AC}-2\overrightarrow{AB}\Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow{GM}=\frac{1}{6}\overrightarrow{AC}-\frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}\) (2)
Từ \((1),(2)\Rightarrow \overrightarrow{MH}=\frac{1}{6}\overrightarrow{AC}-\frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}\)
H đối xứng B qua G \(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{BH}=2\overrightarrow{BG}=2\left(\dfrac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{BA}+\dfrac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{BC}\right)=-\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{BC}\)
\(\overrightarrow{AH}=\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{BH}=\overrightarrow{AB}-\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{BC}=\dfrac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{2}{3}\left(\overrightarrow{BA}+\overrightarrow{AC}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}-\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AC}=\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AC}-\dfrac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}\)
\(\overrightarrow{CH}=\overrightarrow{CA}+\overrightarrow{AH}=-\overrightarrow{AC}+\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AC}-\dfrac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}=-\dfrac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}-\dfrac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AC}\)
\(\overrightarrow{MH}=\overrightarrow{MA}+\overrightarrow{AH}=-\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}-\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AC}+\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AC}-\dfrac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}\)
\(=-\dfrac{5}{6}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{6}\overrightarrow{AC}\)