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Question

Cho biết $\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\sin x}}{x} = 1$. Dùng định nghĩa tính đạo hàm của hàm số $y = \sin x$.

Hà Quang Minh · Accepted Answer

Với bất kì ${x_0} \in \mathbb{R}$, ta có:$f'\left( {{x_0}} \right) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{f\left( x \right) - f\left( {{x_0}} \right)}}{{x - {x_0}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{\sin x - \sin {x_0}}}{{x - {x_0}}}$Đặt $x = {x_0} + \Delta x$. Ta có:$\begin{array}{l}f'\left( {{x_0}} \right) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin \left( {{x_0} + \Delta x} \right) - \sin {x_0}}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin {x_0}\cos \Delta x + \cos {x_0}\sin \Delta x - \sin {x_0}}}{{\Delta x}}\ = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin {x_0}\cos \Delta x - \sin {x_0}}}{{\Delta x}} + \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\cos {x_0}\sin \Delta x}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin {x_0}\left( {\cos \Delta x - 1} \right)}}{{\Delta x}} + \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \cos {x_0}.\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin \Delta x}}{{\Delta x}}\end{array}$Lại có:$\begin{array}{l}\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin {x_0}\left( {\cos \Delta x - 1} \right)}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin {x_0}\left( {\cos \Delta x - 1} \right)\left( {\cos \Delta x + 1} \right)}}{{\Delta x\left( {\cos \Delta x + 1} \right)}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin {x_0}\left( {{{\cos }^2}\Delta x - 1} \right)}}{{\Delta x\left( {\cos \Delta x + 1} \right)}}\ = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin {x_0}\left( { - {{\sin }^2}\Delta x} \right)}}{{\Delta x\left( {\cos \Delta x + 1} \right)}} =  - \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin \Delta x}}{{\Delta x}}.\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin {x_0}.\sin \Delta x}}{{\left( {\cos \Delta x + 1} \right)}} =  - 1.\frac{{\sin {x_0}.\sin 0}}{{\cos 0 + 1}} = 0\\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \cos {x_0}.\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin \Delta x}}{{\Delta x}} = \cos {x_0}.1 = \cos {x_0}\end{array}$Vậy $f'\left( {{x_0}} \right) = \cos {x_0}$Vậy $f'\left( x \right) = \cos x$ trên $\mathbb{R}$.Câu trả lời: Với bất kì ${x_0} \in \mathbb{R}$, ta có:$f'\left( {{x_0}} \right) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{f\left( x \right) - f\left( {{x_0}} \right)}}{{x - {x_0}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{\sin x - \sin {x_0}}}{{x - {x_0}}}$Đặt $x = {x_0} + \Delta x$. Ta có:$\begin{array}{l}f'\left( {{x_0}} \right) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin \left( {{x_0} + \Delta x} \right) - \sin {x_0}}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin {x_0}\cos \Delta x + \cos {x_0}\sin \Delta x - \sin {x_0}}}{{\Delta x}}\ = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin {x_0}\cos \Delta x - \sin {x_0}}}{{\Delta x}} + \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\cos {x_0}\sin \Delta x}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin {x_0}\left( {\cos \Delta x - 1} \right)}}{{\Delta x}} + \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \cos {x_0}.\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin \Delta x}}{{\Delta x}}\end{array}$Lại có:$\begin{array}{l}\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin {x_0}\left( {\cos \Delta x - 1} \right)}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin {x_0}\left( {\cos \Delta x - 1} \right)\left( {\cos \Delta x + 1} \right)}}{{\Delta x\left( {\cos \Delta x + 1} \right)}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin {x_0}\left( {{{\cos }^2}\Delta x - 1} \right)}}{{\Delta x\left( {\cos \Delta x + 1} \right)}}\ = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin {x_0}\left( { - {{\sin }^2}\Delta x} \right)}}{{\Delta x\left( {\cos \Delta x + 1} \right)}} =  - \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin \Delta x}}{{\Delta x}}.\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin {x_0}.\sin \Delta x}}{{\left( {\cos \Delta x + 1} \right)}} =  - 1.\frac{{\sin {x_0}.\sin 0}}{{\cos 0 + 1}} = 0\\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \cos {x_0}.\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin \Delta x}}{{\Delta x}} = \cos {x_0}.1 = \cos {x_0}\end{array}$Vậy $f'\left( {{x_0}} \right) = \cos {x_0}$Vậy $f'\left( x \right) = \cos x$ trên $\mathbb{R}$.

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