Cho 3 số khác 0 a, b, c và a+b+c=0. Rút gọn biểu thức: \(M=\dfrac{a^2}{a^2-b^2-c^2}+\dfrac{b^2}{b^2-c^2-a^2}+\dfrac{c^2}{c^2-a^2-b^2}\)
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\(a+b=-c\Leftrightarrow\left(a+b\right)^3=-c^3\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^3+b^3+3ab\left(a+b\right)=-c^3\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^3+b^3+c^3=-3ab\left(a+b\right)=3abc\)
\(A=\dfrac{a^3+b^3+c^3}{abc}=\dfrac{3abc}{abc}=3\)
\(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}=0\Leftrightarrow ab+bc+ca=0\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}bc=-ab-ac\\ab=-bc-ac\\ac=-ab-bc\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(M=\dfrac{1}{a^2+bc-ab-ac}+\dfrac{1}{b^2+ac-ab-bc}+\dfrac{1}{c^2+ab-bc-ac}\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{a\left(a-b\right)-c\left(a-b\right)}+\dfrac{1}{b\left(b-c\right)-a\left(b-c\right)}+\dfrac{1}{c\left(c-a\right)-b\left(c-a\right)}\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{\left(a-b\right)\left(a-c\right)}-\dfrac{1}{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)}+\dfrac{1}{\left(a-c\right)\left(b-c\right)}\)
\(=\dfrac{b-c-\left(a-c\right)+a-b}{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(a-c\right)}=0\)
ta chỉ cần cho a, b, c, thỏa mãn điều kiện
ví dụ ta cho a =1 ,b = -2 , c = 1
sau đó gán a, b, c đã thỏa mã điều kiện cho vào biểu thức
thì ta sẽ đươc kết quả giá trị của biểu thức là \(\dfrac{-5}{6}\)
vậy P =\(\dfrac{-5}{6}\)
\(1,a+b+c=0\Leftrightarrow a=-b-c\Leftrightarrow a^2=b^2+2bc+c^2\Leftrightarrow b^2+c^2=a^2-2bc\)
Tương tự: \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a^2+b^2=c^2-2ab\\c^2+a^2=b^2-2ac\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Leftrightarrow N=\dfrac{a^2}{a^2-a^2+2bc}+\dfrac{b^2}{b^2-b^2+2ca}+\dfrac{c^2}{c^2-c^2+2ac}\\ \Leftrightarrow N=\dfrac{a^2}{2bc}+\dfrac{b^2}{2ac}+\dfrac{c^2}{2bc}=\dfrac{a^3+b^3+c^3}{2abc}=\dfrac{a^3+b^3+c^3-3abc+3abc}{2abc}\\ \Leftrightarrow N=\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)\left(a^2+b^2+c^2-ab-bc-ca\right)+3abc}{2abc}\\ \Leftrightarrow N=\dfrac{3abc}{2abc}=\dfrac{3}{2}\)
Bài 1:
Ta có: \(a^3+b^3+c^3=3abc\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a^3+3a^2b+3ab^2+b^3\right)+c^3-3a^2b-3ab^2-3abc=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a+b\right)^3+c^3-3ab\left(a+b+c\right)=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a+b+c\right)\left[\left(a+b\right)^2-\left(a+b\right)c+c^2\right]-3ab\left(a+b+c\right)=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a+b+c\right)\left(a^2+b^2+c^2-ab-bc-ac\right)=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2-ab-bc-ac=0\left(do.a+b+c\ne0\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2\left(a^2+b^2+c^2-ab-bc-ac\right)=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(b-c\right)^2+\left(a-c\right)^2=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\left(a-b\right)^2=0\\\left(b-c\right)^2=0\\\left(a-c\right)^2=0\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\Leftrightarrow a=b=c\)
\(M=\dfrac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}=\dfrac{3a^2}{\left(3a\right)^2}=\dfrac{3a^2}{9a^2}=\dfrac{1}{3}\)
Bài 2:
a) \(=\dfrac{x\left(x^2+x-6\right)}{x\left(x^2-4\right)}=\dfrac{x\left(x-2\right)\left(x+3\right)}{x\left(x-2\right)\left(x+2\right)}=\dfrac{x+3}{x+2}\)
b) \(=\dfrac{x\left(x+1\right)+7\left(x+1\right)}{x\left(x^2+2x+1\right)}=\dfrac{\left(x+1\right)\left(x+7\right)}{x\left(x+1\right)^2}=\dfrac{x+7}{x\left(x+1\right)}=\dfrac{x+7}{x^2+x}\)
Bài 2:
a) \(A=\dfrac{a^2}{bc}+\dfrac{b^2}{ca}+\dfrac{c^2}{ab}\)
\(A=\dfrac{a^3}{abc}+\dfrac{b^3}{abc}+\dfrac{c^3}{abc}\)
\(A=\dfrac{1}{abc}\left(a^3+b^3+c^3\right)\)
\(A=\dfrac{1}{abc}\left[\left(a+b\right)^3-3ab\left(a+b\right)+c^3\right]\)
Vì \(a+b+c=0\)
Nên a + b = -c (1)
Thay (1) vào A, ta được:
\(A=\dfrac{1}{abc}\left[\left(-c\right)^3-3ab\left(-c\right)+c^3\right]\)
\(A=\dfrac{1}{abc}.3abc\)
\(A=3\)
b) \(B=\dfrac{a^2}{a^2-b^2-c^2}+\dfrac{b^2}{b^2-c^2-a^2}+\dfrac{c^2}{c^2-a^2-b^2}\)
\(B=\dfrac{a^2}{a^2-\left(b^2+c^2\right)}+\dfrac{b^2}{b^2-\left(c^2+a^2\right)}+\dfrac{c^2}{c^2-\left(a^2+b^2\right)}\)
Vì \(a+b+c=0\)
Nên b + c = -a
=> ( b + c )2 = (-a)2
=> b2 + c2 + 2bc = a2
=> b2 + c2 = a2 - 2bc (1)
Tương tự ta có: c2 + a2 = b2 - 2ac (2)
a2 + b2 = c - 2ab (3)
Thay (1), (2) và (3) vào B, ta được:
\(B=\dfrac{a^2}{a^2-\left(a^2-2bc\right)}+\dfrac{b^2}{b^2-\left(b^2-2ac\right)}+\dfrac{c^2}{c^2-\left(c^2-2ab\right)}\)
\(B=\dfrac{a^2}{a^2-a^2+2bc}+\dfrac{b^2}{b^2-b^2+2ac}+\dfrac{c^2}{c^2-c^2+2ab}\)
\(B=\dfrac{a^2}{2bc}+\dfrac{b^2}{2ac}+\dfrac{c^2}{2ab}\)
\(B=\dfrac{a^3}{2abc}+\dfrac{b^3}{2abc}+\dfrac{c^3}{2abc}\)
\(B=\dfrac{1}{2abc}\left(a^3+b^3+c^3\right)\)
Mà \(a^3+b^3+c^3=3abc\) ( câu a )
\(\Rightarrow B=\dfrac{1}{2abc}.3abc\)
\(\Rightarrow B=\dfrac{3}{2}\)
Bài 1:
a) GT: abc = 2
\(M=\dfrac{a}{ab+a+2}+\dfrac{b}{bc+b+1}+\dfrac{2c}{ac+2c+2}\)
\(M=\dfrac{a}{ab+a+abc}+\dfrac{b}{bc+b+1}+\dfrac{2cb}{abc+2cb+2b}\)
\(M=\dfrac{a}{a\left(b+1+bc\right)}+\dfrac{b}{bc+b+1}+\dfrac{2cb}{2+2cb+2b}\)
\(M=\dfrac{1}{bc+b+1}+\dfrac{b}{bc+b+1}+\dfrac{2cb}{2\left(1+cb+b\right)}\)
\(M=\dfrac{1}{bc+b+1}+\dfrac{b}{bc+b+1}+\dfrac{bc}{bc+b+1}\)
\(M=\dfrac{1+b+bc}{bc+b+1}\)
\(M=1\)
b) GT: abc = 1
\(N=\dfrac{a}{ab+a+1}+\dfrac{b}{bc+b+1}+\dfrac{c}{ac+c+1}\)
\(N=\dfrac{a}{ab+a+abc}+\dfrac{b}{bc+b+1}+\dfrac{cb}{b\left(ac+c+1\right)}\)
\(N=\dfrac{a}{a\left(b+1+bc\right)}+\dfrac{b}{bc+b+1}+\dfrac{bc}{abc+bc+b}\)
\(N=\dfrac{1}{bc+b+1}+\dfrac{b}{bc+b+1}+\dfrac{bc}{bc+b+1}\)
\(N=\dfrac{1+b+bc}{bc+b+1}\)
\(N=1\)
Ta có: a+b+c=0\(\Leftrightarrow\)b+c=-a
Bình phương hai vế có: (b+c)2=a2
⇔ b2+2bc+c2=a2\(\Leftrightarrow\) b2+c2-a2=-2bc
Tương tự, ta có: c2+a2-b2=-2ca
a2+b2-c2=-2ab
→ A=\(-\dfrac{1}{2bc}-\dfrac{1}{2ca}-\dfrac{1}{2ab}=\dfrac{-\left(a+b+c\right)}{2abc}=0\)(vì a+b+c=0)
Vậy A=0
\(\dfrac{ab}{a+b}=\dfrac{bc}{b+c}=\dfrac{ca}{c+a}\Rightarrow\dfrac{a+b}{ab}=\dfrac{b+c}{bc}=\dfrac{c+a}{ca}\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}=\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}=\dfrac{1}{c}+\dfrac{1}{a}\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{1}{a}=\dfrac{1}{c}\\\dfrac{1}{a}=\dfrac{1}{b}\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow a=b=c\)
\(\Rightarrow M=\dfrac{a^2+a^2+a^2}{a^2+a^2+a^2}=1\)
\(\dfrac{a^2}{a^2-b^2-c^2}=\dfrac{a^2}{\left(a-b\right)\left(a+b\right)-c^2}=\dfrac{a^2}{\left(a-b\right)\left(-c\right)-c^2}=\dfrac{a^2}{c\left(b-a-c\right)}=\dfrac{a^2}{2bc}\\ \Leftrightarrow M=\sum\dfrac{a^2}{a^2-b^2-c^2}=\sum\dfrac{a^2}{2bc}=\dfrac{a^3+b^3+c^3}{2abc}\\ \Leftrightarrow M=\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)\left(a^2+b^2+c^2-ab-bc-ca\right)}{2abc}=0\)