Cho a, b, c đôi một khác nhau thỏa mãn: ab + bc + ca = 1.Tính giá trị của biểu thức:
A=
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\(\dfrac{ab}{a+b}=\dfrac{bc}{b+c}=\dfrac{ca}{c+a}\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}=\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}=\dfrac{1}{c}+\dfrac{1}{a}\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{a}=\dfrac{1}{b}=\dfrac{1}{c}=\dfrac{1+1+1}{a+b+c}=\dfrac{3}{a+b+c}=\dfrac{3}{1}=3\)
\(\Rightarrow a=b=c=\dfrac{1}{3}\)
\(\Rightarrow A=\dfrac{a^3\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)}{a^2+b^2+c^2}=a^3=\left(\dfrac{1}{3}\right)^3=\dfrac{1}{27}\)
Áp dụng bất đẳng thức Cauchy cho 2 số dương ta có:
a 2 + b 2 ≥ 2 a b , b 2 + c 2 ≥ 2 b c , c 2 + a 2 ≥ 2 c a
Do đó: 2 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ≥ 2 ( a b + b c + c a ) = 2.9 = 18 ⇒ 2 P ≥ 18 ⇒ P ≥ 9
Dấu bằng xảy ra khi a = b = c = 3 . Vậy MinP= 9 khi a = b = c = 3
Vì a , b , c ≥ 1 , nên ( a − 1 ) ( b − 1 ) ≥ 0 ⇔ a b − a − b + 1 ≥ 0 ⇔ a b + 1 ≥ a + b
Tương tự ta có b c + 1 ≥ b + c , c a + 1 ≥ c + a
Do đó a b + b c + c a + 3 ≥ 2 ( a + b + c ) ⇔ a + b + c ≤ 9 + 3 2 = 6
Mà P = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = a + b + c 2 − 2 a b + b c + c a = a + b + c 2 – 18
⇒ P ≤ 36 − 18 = 18 . Dấu bằng xảy ra khi : a = 4 ; b = c = 1 b = 4 ; a = c = 1 c = 4 ; a = b = 1
Vậy maxP= 18 khi : a = 4 ; b = c = 1 b = 4 ; a = c = 1 c = 4 ; a = b = 1
\(P\le a^2+b^2+c^2+3\sqrt{3\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)}=12\)
\(P_{max}=12\) khi \(a=b=c=1\)
Lại có: \(\left(a+b+c\right)^2=3+2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\ge3\Rightarrow a+b+c\ge\sqrt{3}\)
\(a+b+c\le\sqrt{3\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)}=3\)
\(\Rightarrow\sqrt{3}\le a+b+c\le3\)
\(P=\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2-\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)}{2}+3\left(a+b+c\right)\)
\(P=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(a+b+c\right)^2+3\left(a+b+c\right)-\dfrac{3}{2}\)
Đặt \(a+b+c=x\Rightarrow\sqrt{3}\le x\le3\)
\(P=\dfrac{1}{2}x^2+3x-\dfrac{3}{2}=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(x-\sqrt{3}\right)\left(x+6+\sqrt{3}\right)+3\sqrt{3}\ge3\sqrt{3}\)
\(P_{min}=3\sqrt{3}\) khi \(x=\sqrt{3}\) hay \(\left(a;b;c\right)=\left(0;0;\sqrt{3}\right)\) và hoán vị
\(\left(a+b+c\right)^2=a^2+b^2+c^2\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2+2\left(ab+bc+ac\right)=a^2+b^2+c^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2\left(ab+bc+ac\right)=0\Leftrightarrow ab+bc+ac=0\Leftrightarrow bc=-ab-ac\)
\(\dfrac{a^2}{a^2+2bc}=\dfrac{a^2}{a^2+bc-ac-ab}=\dfrac{a^2}{\left(a-c\right)\left(a-b\right)}\)
CMTT: \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{b^2}{b^2+2ca}=\dfrac{b^2}{\left(b-a\right)\left(b-c\right)}\\\dfrac{c^2}{c^2+2ab}=\dfrac{c^2}{\left(c-a\right)\left(c-b\right)}=\dfrac{c^2}{\left(a-c\right)\left(b-c\right)}\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow A=\dfrac{a^2}{\left(a-c\right)\left(a-b\right)}+\dfrac{b^2}{\left(b-a\right)\left(b-c\right)}+\dfrac{c^2}{\left(a-c\right)\left(b-c\right)}=\dfrac{a^2\left(b-c\right)-b^2\left(a-c\right)+c^2\left(a-b\right)}{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(a-c\right)}=\dfrac{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(a-c\right)}{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(a-c\right)}=1\)
Vì sao bước thứ 2 từ dưới lên lại có thể suy ra (a−b)(b−c)(a−c)/(a−b)(b−c)(a−c)=1?
\(\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(b-c\right)^2+\left(c-a\right)^2\ge0\) ; \(\forall a;b;c\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2\ge ab+bc+ca\)
\(\Rightarrow ab+bc+ca\le1\)
\(\Rightarrow P_{max}=1\) khi \(a=b=c\)
Lại có:
\(\left(a+b+c\right)^2\ge0\) ; \(\forall a;b;c\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2+2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow ab+bc+ca\ge-\dfrac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{2}=-\dfrac{1}{2}\)
\(P_{min}=-\dfrac{1}{2}\) khi \(a+b+c=0\)
2:
a: =>a^2+2ab+b^2-2a^2-2b^2<=0
=>-(a^2-2ab+b^2)<=0
=>(a-b)^2>=0(luôn đúng)
b; =>a^2+b^2+c^2+2ab+2ac+2bc-3a^2-3b^2-3c^2<=0
=>-(2a^2+2b^2+2c^2-2ab-2ac-2bc)<=0
=>(a-b)^2+(b-c)^2+(a-c)^2>=0(luôn đúng)
Thay \(a=-\left(b+c\right)\) ; \(a+c=-b\) và \(a+b=-c\) vào điều kiện thứ 2 ta có
\(\left(b+c\right)^2=2\left(-b+1\right)\left(-c-1\right)\)
<=> \(b^2+c^2+2bc=2bc+2b-2c-2\)
<=> \(\left(b-1\right)^2+\left(c+1\right)^2=0\) <=> \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}b=1\\c=-1\end{matrix}\right.\)
suy ra: a=0. Vậy A = a2 + b2 + c2 = 2
Vì \(ab+bc+ca=1\)
\(\Rightarrow a^2+1=a^2+ab+bc+ca\)
\(=a\left(a+b\right)+c\left(a+b\right)=\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)\)
Tương tự ta có: \(b^2+1=\left(b+a\right)\left(b+c\right)\); \(c^2+1=\left(c+a\right)\left(c+b\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow A=\left(a+b\right)^2.\left(b+c\right)^2.\left(c+a\right)^2.\left(a^2+1\right)\left(b^2+1\right)\left(c^2+1\right)\)
\(=\left(a+b\right)^2.\left(b+c\right)^2.\left(c+a\right)^2.\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(b+a\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+b\right)\left(c+a\right)\)
\(=\left(a+b\right)^4.\left(b+c\right)^4.\left(c+a\right)^4\)