Cho a, b, c > 0. Chứng minh rằng: \(M=\dfrac{5b^3-a^3}{ab+3b^2}+\dfrac{5c^3-b^3}{bc+3c^2}+\dfrac{5a^3-c^3}{ca+3a^2}\le a+b+c\)
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Lời giải:
Bạn nhớ tới bổ đề sau: Với $a,b>0$ thì $a^3+b^3\geq ab(a+b)$.
Áp dụng vào bài:
$5a^3-b^3\leq 5a^3-[ab(a+b)-a^3]=6a^3-ab(a+b)$
$\Rightarrow \frac{5a^3-b^3}{ab+3a^2}\leq \frac{6a^3-ab(a+b)}{ab+3a^2}=\frac{6a^2-ab-b^2}{3a+b}=\frac{(3a+b)(2a-b)}{3a+b}=2a-b$
Tương tự:
$\frac{5b^3-c^3}{bc+3b^2}\leq 2b-c; \frac{5c^3-a^3}{ca+3c^2}\leq 2c-a$
Cộng theo vế:
$\Rightarrow \text{VT}\leq a+b+c=3$
Ta có đpcm
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi $a=b=c=1$
Lời giải:
Xét \(a^3+b^3-ab(a+b)=(a+b)(a-b)^2\geq 0, \forall a,b>0\)
Do đó \(a^3+b^3\geq ab(a+b)\) với mọi $a,b>0$
\(\Rightarrow b^3\geq ab(a+b)-a^3\)
\(\Rightarrow \frac{5a^3-b^3}{ab+3a^2}\leq \frac{5a^3-[ab(a+b)-a^3]}{ab+3a^2}=\frac{6a^2-b(a+b)}{b+3a}\)
hay \(\frac{5a^3-b^3}{ab+3a^2}\leq \frac{(2a-b)(3a+b)}{b+3a}=2a-b\)
Hoàn toàn tương tự ta có:
\(\frac{5b^3-c^3}{bc+3b^2}\leq 2b-c; \frac{5c^3-a^3}{ca+3c^2}\leq 2c-a\)
Cộng theo vế các BĐT thu được:
\(\text{VT}\leq a+b+c\leq 2018\) (đpcm)
Dấu bằng xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=\frac{2018}{3}\)
\(BDT\Leftrightarrow2a^4b+2b^4c+2c^4a+3ab^4+3bc^4+3ca^4\ge5a^2b^2c+5a^2bc^2+5ab^2c^2\)
Ta chứng minh được \(ab^4+bc^4+ca^4\ge a^2b^2c+a^2bc^2+ab^2c^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{a^3}{b}+\dfrac{b^3}{c}+\dfrac{c^3}{a}\ge ab+bc+ca\)
\(VT=\dfrac{a^3}{b}+\dfrac{b^3}{c}+\dfrac{c^3}{a}=\dfrac{a^4}{ab}+\dfrac{b^4}{bc}+\dfrac{c^4}{ac}\)
\(\ge\dfrac{\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)^2}{ab+bc+ca}\ge\dfrac{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^2}{ab+bc+ca}=VP\)
Vậy ta cần chứng minh \(2a^4b+2b^4c+2c^4a+2ab^4+2bc^4+2ca^4\ge4a^2b^2c+4a^2bc^2+4ab^2c^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\sum_{cyc}\left(2c^3+bc^2-b^2c+ac^2-a^2c+3ab^2+3a^2b\right)\left(a-b\right)^2\ge0\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c\)
Có \(ab+bc+ac=abc\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}=1\)
Áp dụng các bđt sau:Với x;y;z>0 có: \(\dfrac{1}{x+y+z}\le\dfrac{1}{9}\left(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}+\dfrac{1}{z}\right)\) và \(\dfrac{1}{x+y}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}\right)\)
Có \(\dfrac{1}{a+3b+2c}=\dfrac{1}{\left(a+b\right)+\left(b+c\right)+\left(b+c\right)}\le\dfrac{1}{9}\left(\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{2}{b+c}\right)\)\(\le\dfrac{1}{9}.\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{2}{b}+\dfrac{2}{c}\right)=\dfrac{1}{36}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{3}{b}+\dfrac{2}{c}\right)\)
CMTT: \(\dfrac{1}{b+3c+2a}\le\dfrac{1}{36}\left(\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{3}{c}+\dfrac{2}{a}\right)\)
\(\dfrac{1}{c+3a+2b}\le\dfrac{1}{36}\left(\dfrac{1}{c}+\dfrac{3}{a}+\dfrac{2}{b}\right)\)
Cộng vế với vế => \(VT\le\dfrac{1}{36}\left(\dfrac{6}{a}+\dfrac{6}{b}+\dfrac{6}{c}\right)=\dfrac{1}{36}.6\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)=\dfrac{1}{6}\)
Dấu = xảy ra khi a=b=c=3
Có \(a+b=2\Leftrightarrow2\ge2\sqrt{ab}\Leftrightarrow ab\le1\)
\(E=\left(3a^2+2b\right)\left(3b^2+2a\right)+5a^2b+5ab^2+2ab\)
\(=9a^2b^2+6\left(a^3+b^3\right)+4ab+5ab\left(a+b\right)+20ab\)
\(=9a^2b^2+6\left(a+b\right)^3-18ab\left(a+b\right)+4ab+5ab\left(a+b\right)+20ab\)
\(=9a^2b^2+48-18ab.2+4ab+5.2.ab+20ab\)
\(=9a^2b^2-2ab+48\)
Đặt \(f\left(ab\right)=9a^2b^2-2ab+48;ab\le1\), đỉnh \(I\left(\dfrac{1}{9};\dfrac{431}{9}\right)\)
Hàm đồng biến trên khoảng \(\left[\dfrac{1}{9};1\right]\backslash\left\{\dfrac{1}{9}\right\}\)
\(\Rightarrow f\left(ab\right)_{max}=55\Leftrightarrow ab=1\)
\(\Rightarrow E_{max}=55\Leftrightarrow a=b=1\)
Vậy...
Ta có: \(\frac{5a^3-b^3}{ab+3a^2}=\frac{3a^3-b^3}{ab+3a^2}+\frac{2a^3}{ab+3a^2}\)
\(=a-\frac{a^2b+b^3}{ab+3a^2}+\frac{2a^3}{ab+3a^2}\)
= \(a-\frac{b\left(a^2+b^2\right)}{a\left(b+3a\right)}+\frac{2a^3}{a\left(b+3a\right)}\) (1)
Áp dụng BĐT AM - GM ( x2 + y2 \(\ge2xy\)) ta có:
(1) \(\le a-\frac{2ab^2}{a\left(b+3a\right)}+\frac{2a^2}{b+3a}\) = \(a-\frac{2b^2}{b+3a}+\frac{2a^2}{b+3a}\) (2)
Tương tự ta cũng có:
\(\frac{5b^3-c^3}{bc+3b^2}\le b-\frac{2c^2}{c+3b}+\frac{2b^2}{c+3b}\left(3\right)\)
\(\frac{5c^3-a^2}{ca+3c^2}\)\(\le c-\frac{2a^2}{a+3c}+\frac{2c^2}{a+3c}\)(4)
Từ (2), (3), (4) \(\Rightarrow\frac{5a^3-b^3}{ab+3a^2}+\frac{5b^3-c^3}{bc+3b^2}+\frac{5c^3-a^3}{ca+3c^2}\le a+b+c+\left(\frac{2a^2}{a+3c}-\frac{2a^2}{a+3c}\right)+\left(\frac{2b^2}{b+3c}-\frac{2b^2}{b+3c}\right)+\left(\frac{2c^2}{c+3a}-\frac{2c^2}{c+3a}\right)=a+b+c\le2018\)
Vậy \(\frac{5a^3-b^3}{ab+3a^2}+\frac{5b^3-c^3}{bc+3b^2}+\frac{5c^3-a^3}{ca+3c^2}\le2018\)
Ta chứng minh bổ đề sau:
\(\dfrac{5b^3-a^3}{ab+3b^2}\le2b-a\)
\(\Leftrightarrow5b^3-a^3\le\left(2b-a\right)\left(ab+3b^2\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow5b^3-a^3\le2ab^2+6b^3-a^2b-3b^2a\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^3+b^3-a^2b-b^2a\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a+b\right)\left(a^2-ab+b^2\right)-ab\left(a+b\right)\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a+b\right)\left(a^2-2ab+b^2\right)\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a+b\right)\left(a-b\right)^2\ge0\)
Bất đẳng thức cuối luôn đúng, vậy ta có
\(M\le2a-b+2b-c+2c-a=a+b+c\)Chứng minh hoàn tất. Đẳng thức xảy ra khi \(a=b=c\)