Phân tích đa thức sau thành nhân tử: \(x^{40}+2x^{20}+9\)
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x^40+2.x^20+9 = [x^20 +3]^2 - 4x^20 = [x^20+3]^2 -[2x^10]^2 = [x^20-2x^10+3].[x^20+2x^10+3]
x^12+x^6+1 = x^12 + 2x^6 +1 - x^6 = [x^6 +1]^2 -[x^3]^2 = [x^6 -x^3 +1].[x^6+x^3+1]
x^16+x^8+1 =[x^8+1]^2 - [x^4]^2 = [x^8-x^4+1].[x^8+x^4+1]
x^4+x^2+1 = x^4+2x^2+1 - x^2 = [x^2+1]^2-x^2 = [x^2-x+1].[x^2+x+1]
\(\Rightarrow\left(x^2+2x\right)^2+9\left(x^2+2x\right)+20=\left(x^2+2x\right)^2+4\left(x^2+2x\right)+5\cdot\left(x^2+2x\right)+20=\left(x^2+2x\right)\left(x^2+2x+4\right)+5\left(x^2+2x+4\right)=\left(x^2+2x+4\right)\left(x^2+2x+5\right)\)
\(\left(x^2+2x\right)^2+4\left(x^2+2x\right)+5\left(x^2+2x\right)+20\)
\(=\left(x^2+2x\right)\left(x^2+2x+4\right)+5\left(x^2+2x+4\right)\)
\(=\left(x^2+2x+5\right)\left(x^2+2x+4\right)\)
a) x3-2x2-x+2
=x(x2-1)+2(-x2+1)
=x(x2-1)-2(x2-1)
=(x2-1)(x-2)
b)
x2+6x-y2+9
=x2+6x+9-y2
=(x+3)2-y2
=(x+3-y)(x+3+y)
\(\left(x^2-3x+2\right)\left(x^2-9x+20\right)-40=\left(x-1\right)\left(x-2\right)\left(x-4\right)\left(x-5\right)-40\)
\(=\left(x^2-6x+5\right)\left(x^2-6x+8\right)-40\)
Đặt \(t=x^2-6x+5\) thì ta có \(t\left(t+3\right)-40=t^2+3t-40=\left(t+8\right)\left(t-5\right)\)
Suy ra \(\left(x^2-6x+5\right)\left(x^2-6x+8\right)-40=\left(x^2-6x+13\right)\left(x^2-6x\right)=x\left(x-6\right)\left(x^2-6x+13\right)\)
b) 4x2 – 9 + (2x + 3)2
= (4x2 - 9) + (2x + 3)2
= (2x + 3)(2x - 3) + (2x + 3)2
= (2x + 3)(2x - 3 + 2x + 3)
= 4x(2x + 3)
\(=\left(x^2+2x\right)^2+9\left(x^2+2x\right)+20\)
\(=\left(x^2+2x+4\right)\left(x^2+2x+5\right)\)
\(=\left(x-3\right)\left(x+3\right)+\left(x-3\right)\left(2x-5\right)\\ =\left(x-3\right)\left(x+3+2x-5\right)\\ =\left(x-3\right)\left(3x-2\right)\)
\(x^{40}+2x^{20}+9\)
\(=\left(x^{40}+6x^{20}+9\right)-4x^{20}\)
\(=\left(x^{20}+3\right)^2-\left(2x^{10}\right)^2\)
\(=\left(x^{20}+2x^{10}+3\right)\left(x^{20}-2x^{10}+3\right)\)