Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 30 to 37.
In the course of its history, human inventions have dramatically increased the average amount of energy available for use per person. Primitive peoples in cold regions burned wood and animal dung to heat their caves, cook food, and drive off animals by fire. The first step toward the developing of more efficient fuels was taken when people discovered that they could use vegetable oils and animal fats in lieu of gathered or cut wood. Charcoal gave off more intensive heat than wood and was more easily obtainable than organic fats. The Greeks first began to use coal for metal smelting in the 4th century, but it did not come into extensive use until the Industrial Revolution.
In the 1700s, at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, most energy used in the United States and other nations undergoing industrialization was obtained from perpetual and renewable sources, such as wood, water streams, domesticated animal labor, and wind. These were predominantly locally available supplies. By mid-1800s, 91 percent of all commercial energy consumed in the United States and European countries was obtained from wood. However, at he beginning of the 20th century, coal became a major energy source and replaced wood in industrializing countries. Although in most regions and climate zones wood was more readily accessible than coal, the latter represents a more concentrated source of energy. In 1910, natural gas and oil firmly replaced coal as the main source of fuel because they are lighter and, therefore, cheaper to transport. They burned more cleanly than coal and polluted less. Unlike coal, oil could be refined to manufacture liquid fuels for vehicles, a very important consideration in the early 1900s, when the automobile arrived on the scene.
By 1984, non-renewable fossil fuels, such as oil, coal, and natural gas, provided over 82 percent of the commercial and industrial energy used in the world. Small amounts of energy were derived from nuclear fission, and the remaining 16 percent came from burning direct perpetual and renewable fuels, such as biomass. Between 1700 and 1986, a large number of countries shifted from the use of energy from local sources to a centralized generation of hydropower and solar energy converted to electricity. The energy derived from non-renewable fossil fuels has been increasingly produced in one location and transported to another, as is the case with most automobile fuels. In countries with private, rather than public transportation, the age of non-renewable fuels has created a dependency on a finite resource that will have to be replaced.
Alternative fuel sources are numerous, and shale oil and hydrocarbons are just two examples. The extraction of shale oil from large deposits in Asian and European regions has proven to be labor consuming and costly. The resulting product is sulfur-and nitrogen-rich, and large scale extractions are presently prohibitive. Similarly, the extraction of hydrocarbons from tar sands in Alberta and Utah is complex. Semi-solid hydrocarbons cannot be easily separated from the sandstone and limestone that carry them, and modern technology is not sufficiently versatile for a large-scale removal of the material. However, both sources of fuel may eventually be needed as petroleum prices continue to rise and limitations in fossil fuel availability make alternative deposits more attractive.
According to the passage, what was the greatest advantage of oil as fuel?
A. it was a concentrated source of energy.
B. it was lighter and cheaper than coal.
C. it replaced wood and coal and reduced pollution.
D. it could be converted to automobile fuel.
Dịch trong google dịch:
Một công nghệ sạch mới để biến ánh sáng mặt trời thành nhiên liệu lỏng có thể thu nhỏ nhu cầu cho các đồn điền lớn trồng cây nhiên liệu sinh học, các nhà nghiên cứu trường Đại học Harvard cho biết hôm thứ Năm.
Điều đó có thể giúp bảo vệ nguồn cung cấp thực phẩm và quyền sử dụng đất của người dân, họ đề nghị.
Được mệnh danh là "bionic lá 2.0", công nghệ sử dụng năng lượng mặt trời để tách các phân tử nước thành oxy và hydro, các nhà khoa học cho biết trong một nghiên cứu công bố trên tạp chí Science.
Khi tách ra, hydro được chuyển vào một căn phòng, nơi nó được tiêu thụ bởi các vi khuẩn, và với sự giúp đỡ từ một đặc biệt kim loại xúc tác và carbon dioxide, quá trình tạo ra nhiên liệu lỏng.
Phương pháp này là một phiên bản nhân tạo của quá trình quang hợp thực vật sử dụng để tạo ra năng lượng từ ánh sáng mặt trời, nước và carbon dioxide, các nhà khoa học cho biết.
Nếu nó trở nên hiệu quả kinh tế, công nghệ này có thể thay thế các giếng dầu hoặc các đồn điền nơi cây lương thực được trồng để lấy nhiên liệu, tác giả chính của nghiên cứu cho biết.
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