cho 3 số a, b, c thỏa mãn a2+b2+c2=a3+b3+c3=1. Tính S = a2+b2017+c2018.
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\(a^2+b^2+c^2=1\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a^2\le1\\b^2\le1\\c^2\le1\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\left|a\right|\le1\\\left|b\right|\le1\\\left|c\right|\le1\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a^3\le a^2\\b^3\le b^2\\c^3\le c^2\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow a^3+b^3+c^3\le a^2+b^2+c^2=1\)
Đẳng thức xảy ra khi và chỉ khi: \(\left(a;b;c\right)=\left(0;0;1\right)\) và các hoán vị
\(\Rightarrow S=0+0+1=1\)
Đặt \(P=\dfrac{a^3}{a^2+b^2+ab}+\dfrac{b^3}{b^2+c^2+bc}+\dfrac{c^3}{c^2+a^2+ca}\)
Ta có: \(\dfrac{a^3}{a^2+b^2+ab}=a-\dfrac{ab\left(a+b\right)}{a^2+b^2+ab}\ge a-\dfrac{ab\left(a+b\right)}{3\sqrt[3]{a^3b^3}}=a-\dfrac{a+b}{3}=\dfrac{2a-b}{3}\)
Tương tự: \(\dfrac{b^3}{b^2+c^2+bc}\ge\dfrac{2b-c}{3}\) ; \(\dfrac{c^3}{c^2+a^2+ca}\ge\dfrac{2c-a}{3}\)
Cộng vế:
\(P\ge\dfrac{a+b+c}{3}=673\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=673\)
\(a\left(b^2+c^2\right)+b\left(a^2+c^2\right)+c\left(a^2+b^2\right)-2abc-a^3-b^3-c^3\)
\(=c\left(a-b\right)^2+\left[ab^2+ac^2+a^2b+bc^2-a^3-b^3-c^3\right]\)
\(=c\left(a-b\right)^2+c^2\left(a+b-c\right)+ab^2+a^2b-a^3-b^3\)
\(=c\left(a-b\right)^2+c^2\left(a+b-c\right)-\left(a^3-a^2b\right)+\left(ab^2-b^3\right)\)
\(=c\left(a-b\right)^2+c^2\left(a+b-c\right)-a^2\left(a-b\right)+b^2\left(a-b\right)\)
\(=c\left(a-b\right)^2+c^2\left(a+b-c\right)-\left(a+b\right)\left(a-b\right)^2\)
\(=-\left(a-b\right)^2\left(a+b-c\right)+c^2\left(a+b-c\right)\)
\(=\left(a+b-c\right)\left(a-b+c\right)\left(-a+b+c\right)\)
\(\left(a+b+c\right)^2=a^2+b^2+c^2\)
=>\(a^2+b^2+c^2+2\left(ab+bc+ac\right)=a^2+b^2+c^2\)
=>\(2\left(ab+bc+ac\right)=0\)
=>ab+bc+ac=0
\(\dfrac{1}{a^3}+\dfrac{1}{b^3}+\dfrac{1}{c^3}=\dfrac{3}{abc}\)
=>\(\dfrac{\left(bc\right)^3+\left(ac\right)^3+\left(ab\right)^3}{\left(abc\right)^3}=\dfrac{3}{abc}\)
=>\(\left(bc\right)^3+\left(ac\right)^3+\left(ab\right)^3=3\left(abc\right)^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(ab+bc\right)^3-3\cdot ab\cdot bc\cdot\left(ab+bc\right)+\left(ac\right)^3=3\left(abc\right)^2\)
=>\(\left(-ac\right)^3-3\cdot ab\cdot bc\cdot\left(-ac\right)+\left(ac\right)^3-3\left(abc\right)^2=0\)
=>\(-a^3c^3+a^3c^3+3a^2b^2c^2-3a^2b^2c^2=0\)
=>0=0(đúng)
Ta có: \(a^3+b^3+c^3-a^2+b^2+c^2=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2\left(a-1\right)+b^2\left(b-1\right)+c^2\left(c-1\right)=0\)
Mà \(a^2+b^2+c^2=1\)
\(\Rightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}a\le1\\b\le1\\c\le1\end{cases}}\Rightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}1-a0\\1-b\ge0\\1-c\ge0\end{cases}}\)
\(\Rightarrow a^2\left(1-a\right)+b^2\left(1-b\right)+c^2\left(1-c\right)\ge0\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi: \(a^2\left(1-a\right)=b^2\left(1-b\right)=c^2\left(1-c\right)\)
Kết hợp với giả thiết
=> a,b,c hoán vị 1;0;0
=> S= 1