Question

[Trần Đại Nghĩa]

Tìm số nguyên dương \(k\) sao cho \(\frac{20^k+18^k}{k!}\) có giá trị lớn nhất.

Answer 1

[Nguyễn Linh Chi]

Với  \(k\ge19\)

Xét : \(\frac{20^k+18^k}{k!}-\frac{20^{k+1}+18^{k+1}}{\left(k+1\right)!}=\frac{20^k}{k!}\left(1-\frac{20}{k+1}\right)+\frac{18^k}{k!}\left(1-\frac{18}{k+1}\right)\)

\(\ge\frac{18^k}{k!}\left(2-\frac{38}{k+1}\right)>0\)

=> \(\frac{20^k+18^k}{k!}>\frac{20^{k+1}+18^{k+1}}{\left(k+1\right)!}\)với k >= 19

=> \(\frac{20^{19}+18^{19}}{19!}>\frac{20^{20}+18^{20}}{20!}>\frac{20^{21}+18^{21}}{21!}>...\)(1)

Với \(k\le19\)

\(\frac{20^k+18^k}{k!}-\frac{20^{k-1}+18^{k-1}}{\left(k-1\right)!}=\frac{20^{k-1}}{\left(k-1\right)!}\left(\frac{20}{k-1}-1\right)+\frac{18^{k-1}}{\left(k-1\right)!}\left(\frac{18}{k-1}-1\right)\)

\(>\frac{18^{k-1}}{\left(k-1\right)!}\left(\frac{38}{\left(k-1\right)}-2\right)>0\)

=> \(\frac{20^k+18^k}{k!}>\frac{20^{k-1}+18^{k-1}}{\left(k-1\right)!}\) với k <= 19

=> \(\frac{20^{19}+18^{19}}{19!}>\frac{20^{18}+18^{18}}{18!}>...>\frac{20^1+18^1}{1!}\)(2) 

Từ (1); (2) => k = 19 thì \(\frac{20^k+18^k}{k!}\) có giá trị lớn nhất.