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Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions. 1. You shouldn’t swim in that polluted lake.      A. 1. Don’t swim in that polluted lake. B.  Let’s pollute the lake.C.  How about swimming in that lake?D.  You have to swim in that polluted lake.2.  Teacher robots might teach all subjects in the future. A.                  Teacher robots can’t replace all...
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Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions. 1. You shouldn’t swim in that polluted lake.      A. 1. Don’t swim in that polluted lake.

B.  Let’s pollute the lake.

C.  How about swimming in that lake?

D.  You have to swim in that polluted lake.

2.  Teacher robots might teach all subjects in the future.

A.                  Teacher robots can’t replace all subjects.

B.                  Teacher robots will be able to teach all subjects in the future.

C.                  Teacher robots won’t be able to teach us.

D.                  Teacher robots will be useless in the future.

3.  You can use my car. However, you have to keep it carefully.

A.                  If you don’t use my car, you will have to keep it carefully.

B.                  If you use my car, you won’t have to keep it carefully.

C.                  If you use my car, you will have to keep it carefully.

D.                  If you use my car, you will have it carefully.

4.  Press this button to start the car.

A.                  If you want to start the car, don’t press this button.

B.                  If you don’t want to start the car, please press this button.

C.                  If you want to start the car, press this button.

D.                  If you want start the car, please press this button.
5. If he doesn’t work hard, he will lose his job.  A. Unless he work hard, he will lose his job. 

B.   Unless he works hard, he will lose his job. 

C.   Unless he doesn’t work hard, he will lose his job. 

D.  When he works hard, he will lose his job. 

1
15 tháng 4 2022

Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.

 

1. You shouldn’t swim in that polluted lake.      

A. 1. Don’t swim in that polluted lake.

B.  Let’s pollute the lake.

C.  How about swimming in that lake?

D.  You have to swim in that polluted lake.

2.  Teacher robots might teach all subjects in the future.

A.                  Teacher robots can’t replace all subjects.

B.                  Teacher robots will be able to teach all subjects in the future.

C.                  Teacher robots won’t be able to teach us.

D.                  Teacher robots will be useless in the future.

3.  You can use my car. However, you have to keep it carefully.

A.                  If you don’t use my car, you will have to keep it carefully.

B.                  If you use my car, you won’t have to keep it carefully.

C.                  If you use my car, you will have to keep it carefully.

D.                  If you use my car, you will have it carefully.

4.  Press this button to start the car.

A.                  If you want to start the car, don’t press this button.

B.                  If you don’t want to start the car, please press this button.

C.                  If you want to start the car, press this button.

D.                  If you want start the car, please press this button.
5. If he doesn’t work hard, he will lose his job.  

A. Unless he work hard, he will lose his job. 

B.   Unless he works hard, he will lose his job. 

C.   Unless he doesn’t work hard, he will lose his job. 

D.  When he works hard, he will lose his job. 

 

9 tháng 5 2022

1. This is my racket, but that one over there is his

=> That is.......his racket over there, but this one is my.......................................................

2. Minh hopes to speak English well in 3 years

=> Minh hopes that......he will speak English well in 3 years .........................................

3. Our sources of energy will soon end if we don't try to save them

=> Unless....we  try to save our sources of energy, they will soon end..........................................................

4. Barbare plays chess better than Mike

=> Mike doesn't.......play chess as well as Barbare...............................................

16 tháng 9 2018

Rewrite each sentences using the words in bold. Do not change the meaning

1. That's Sarah's bag belongs

that bag belongs to sarah

2. Is this your motorbike? belong

does this motorbike belong to you

3. These are not my shoes don't

these shoes don't belong to me

4. Is this your ruler or mine? belong

does this ruler belong to me or you?

5. Whose hat is this? Who

who does this hat belong to?

6. Whose are the brown sanals? Who

who do the brown sanals belong to

7. Does that bike belong to you ? your

is that your bike?

8. Do the empty seats belong to them? Are

are their the empty seats

Choose the letter A, B, C or D to complete the sentences with given wordsQuestion 1: The/ post office/ next/ the hotel.A. The post office is next the hotel.B. The post office next to the hotel.C. The post office is next to the hotel.D. The post office is next on the hotel. Question 2: This shop/ sell/ cheaper things/ that one.A. This shop sells cheaper things than that one.B. This shop sell cheaper things than that one.C. This shop sells cheaper things that one.D. This shop sell...
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Choose the letter A, B, C or D to complete the sentences with given words

Question 1: The/ post office/ next/ the hotel.

A. The post office is next the hotel.

B. The post office next to the hotel.

C. The post office is next to the hotel.

D. The post office is next on the hotel.

 

Question 2: This shop/ sell/ cheaper things/ that one.

A. This shop sells cheaper things than that one.

B. This shop sell cheaper things than that one.

C. This shop sells cheaper things that one.

D. This shop sell cheaper things that one.

 

Question 3: This street/ so/ narrow/ cars/ can’t/ go past.

A. This street so narrow that cars can’t go past.

B. This street is so narrow cars can’t go past.

C. This street is so narrow that cars can’t go past.

D. This street so narrow cars can’t go past.

 

Question 4: Can/ you/ tell me/ way/ from/ our school/ your house?

A. Can you tell me way from our school to your house?

B. Can you tell me the way from our school your house?

C. Can you to tell me the way from our school to your house?

D. Can you tell me the way from our school to your house?

 

Question 5: Go straight/ and then/ turn/ left. The hotel/ your right.

A. Go straight and then to turn left. The hotel is your right.

B. Go straight and then turn left. The hotel is on your right.

C. Go straight and then turn the left. The hotel is on your right.

D. Go straight and then turn left. The hotel is at your right.

 

Rearrange the sentences to make meaningful sentences

Question 6: at/ My/ is/ 255/ Tran Phu street/ house.

A. My house is at 255 Tran Phu street.

B. My house is 255 at Tran Phu street.

C. My house is Tran Phu street at 255.

D. My house at 255 is Tran Phu street.

 

Question 7: do/ we/ going/ What/ to/ are/ tonight?

A. What we are going to do tonight?

B. What are we going to do tonight?

C. What do we going are to tonight?

D. What do are we going to do tonight?

 

Question 8: convenient/ both/ This apartment/ and/ is/ modern.

A. This apartment both is modern and convenient.

B. This apartment is both and modern convenient.

C. This apartment both modern and is convenient.

D. This apartment is both modern and convenient.

 

Question 9: higher/ building/ This/ that/ is/ than/ one.

A. This is building higher than that one.

B. This building is higher than that one.

C. This building is one than higher that.

D. This building is that one higher than.

 

Question 10: The/ beautiful/ with/ park/ is/ green trees.

A. The park is beautiful with green trees.

B. The park is green trees beautiful with.

C. The park beautiful with is green trees.

D. The park is with beautiful green trees.

 

Rewrite sentences without changing the meaning

Question 11: The store is to the left of the hotel.

A. The hotel is to the right of the store.

B. The hotel is to the opposite of the store.

C. The hotel is to the next of the store.

D. The hotel is to the front of the store.

 

Question 12: No house in this neighborhood is bigger than this one.

A. All house in this neighborhood is bigger than this.

B. This is the biggest house in this neighborhood.

C. All house in this neighborhood is smaller than this.

D. This is the smallest house in this neighborhood.

 

Question 13: Could you show me the way to the airport?

A. Where’s the airport?

B. What’s the airport?

C. When’s the airport?

D. Why’s the airport?

 

Question 14: Ha Long Bay is more famous than Phu Quoc Island.

A. Ha Long Bay is the most famous.

B. Phu Quoc Island is more famous than Ha Long Bay.

C. Ha Long Bay is as famous as Phu Quoc Island.

D. Phu Quoc Island is less famous than Ha Long Bay.

 

Question 15: There are many kinds of fishes in the river.

A. In the river, many kinds of fishes are here.

B. There is no fish in the river.

C. The river has many kinds of fishes.

D. Few kinds of fishes live in the river.

3
4 tháng 12 2019

1c

2a

3c

4d

6a

7b

8d

9b

10a

11a

12b

13a

14d

15c

4 tháng 12 2019

B nha bạn

I. Choose the word thet needs correcting 1. We live on a nice and clean house in the country 2. Hoa's school have got twenty classrooms 3. It is very dangerously to drive too fast 4. Can you go to the store to buy some fruit to me ? 5. I would like buying a packet of tea and tube of toothpaste. II. Rewrite the fllowing sentences using the given words so that it has similar meaning to the frist one. Write your answer on the answer sheet 1. Tom is the younger of the two brothers ? - Tom...
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I. Choose the word thet needs correcting

1. We live on a nice and clean house in the country

2. Hoa's school have got twenty classrooms

3. It is very dangerously to drive too fast

4. Can you go to the store to buy some fruit to me ?

5. I would like buying a packet of tea and tube of toothpaste.

II. Rewrite the fllowing sentences using the given words so that it has similar meaning to the frist one. Write your answer on the answer sheet

1. Tom is the younger of the two brothers ? - Tom has ..........

2. Mexico city is bigger than New York city. - New York city is not as .......

3. Why isn't the car working now ? - What is ......

4. Why don't we go out for a change ? - ...........

5. This book is old. - This .......

6. How much does this bar of soap cost ? - What is ............

7. How long is the Red river ? - What ............

8. My mother often goes to work at seven fifteen. At a ..........

9. How tall are you ? - What .........

III. Use the words or phrases to make meaningful sentences.

1. Which/be/biggest/city/Viet Nam/ ?

2.Minh/ friends/be/going to/ have/picnic/near/lake

3. I'd like/sandwich/glass/milk/please

4. Minh/leave/house/half past six.

5. Ho Chi Minh City/have/population/3.5 million

IV. Identify an error in each sentence

1. Ba often does his homeworks in the evening

2. I don't have some apples but I have some bananas.

HELP MEEEkhocroi

3
3 tháng 2 2017

III. Use the words or phrases to make meaningful sentences.

1. Which/be/biggest/city/Viet Nam/ ?

-> Which is the biggest city in Viet Nam ?

2.Minh/ friends/be/going to/ have/picnic/near/lake

-> Minh and his friends are going to have a picnic near a lake

3. I'd like/sandwich/glass/milk/please

-> I'd like a sandwich and a glass of milk , please

4. Minh/leave/house/half past six.

-> Minh leaves the house at half past six

5. Ho Chi Minh City/have/population/3.5 million

-> Ho Chi Minh has a population ò 3.5 million

3 tháng 2 2017

I)

1) on -> in

2) have got -> has got

3) dangerously -> dangerous

4) to -> with

5) buying-> to buy

II)

1)Tom has two elder brothers

2)New York city is not as big as Mexico

3) What is wrong with the car now?

4) Let's go out for a change.

5)This book isn't new.

6)What is the price of this bar of soap?

7)What is the length of the Red River.

8)At a quater past seven my mother goes to work.

9) What is your height ?

8 tháng 1 2020

OOF OOF!

8 tháng 1 2020

1. They haven't arrived at their homeland for over 2 years

2. I was not introduced to newcomers in the festival

3. the food was so bad that the children can't eat

4.there is no one persuading her to join in that activity

II. Complete the sencond sentences in each pair so that it means the same as the sentences before it.1. You mustn't swim in that polluted lake, boys.->Don't ______________________________2. The Nile is the longest river in the world.->No river _____________________________3. We live near the school, but they don't->They live _____________________________4. This is my racket, but that one over there is his.->That is ________________________________5. Minh hopes to speak English well in 3...
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II. Complete the sencond sentences in each pair so that it means the same as the sentences before it.

1. You mustn't swim in that polluted lake, boys.

->Don't ______________________________

2. The Nile is the longest river in the world.

->No river _____________________________

3. We live near the school, but they don't

->They live _____________________________

4. This is my racket, but that one over there is his.

->That is ________________________________

5. Minh hopes to speak English well in 3 years.

->Minh hopes that ____________________

6. It was easy for this home robot to cook meals.

-> This home robot could ________________

7. Teacher robots can teach all subjects in the future.

-> Teacher robots will ______________

8. Doctor robots don't know how to do the houshold chores.

-> Doctor robot can't

9. I don't think robots will be able to play football like we do.

-> Robots won't ______________________________

10. Their frist robots weren't capable of talking to people.

->Their first robots couldn't ________________________

11. you should give some directions, or he won't understand you.

-> If you don't ________________________________

12. My brother was a fast runner when he was young.

-> My brother could _______________________

1
17 tháng 5 2022

1 Don't  swim in that polluted lake, boys 

2 No river in the world is as long as The Nile 

3 They live far from the school, but we don't 

4 That is his racket over there, and this one is mine 

5 Minh hopes that he can speak English well in 3 years 

6 This home robot could cook meals 

7 Teacher robots will be able to teach all subjects in the future 

8  Doctor robot can't do the houshold chores

9 Robots won't be able to play football like we do 

10 Their first robots couldn't talk to people 

11 If you don't give some directions,he won't understand you 

12 My brother could run faster when he was young

18 tháng 12 2018

  Rewrite the sentences so that the some meaning.

1)there ín't a knife in this room.

This room doesn't have a knife

2)He drives to work on time.

He goes to work by car on time.

3)there is a supermarket in front of the school.

there is a school behind a supermarket

4)He has a lot of animallin his form.

There are a lot of animallins in his form.

23 tháng 12 2018

mk ko biet

Dịch:Some theories of the purpose of dreamsFreud believed that we dream so that we can release the deep, secret desires that we are not allowed to express in real life because of the rules of polite society. Most people know about Freudian dream analysis – a dream about a train going into a tunnel is a dream about sexual intercourse. But couldn’t it just be a dream about travelling on a train?Another theory is that dreams allow us to solve problems that we can’t solve in real life. We...
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Dịch:

Some theories of the purpose of dreams

Freud believed that we dream so that we can release the deep, secret desires that we are not allowed to express in real life because of the rules of polite society. Most people know about Freudian dream analysis – a dream about a train going into a tunnel is a dream about sexual intercourse. But couldn’t it just be a dream about travelling on a train?

Another theory is that dreams allow us to solve problems that we can’t solve in real life. We go to sleep with a problem and wake up with the answer. This may be more of a way to ‘use’ our dreams than a ‘purpose’ of dreaming. If you believe that your dreams are important then analysing them may help you to focus your mind on the problem and help you to find the solution.

The modern image is that dreams are the brain’s way of cleaning up the computer’s hard disk, organizing the events of the day into folders and deleting the rubbish that it doesn’t want to keep. But we all know that very little of what we dream every night is concerned with what happened to us that day.

Another idea is that dreams are the brain’s way of practising the behaviour that we need to survive. So we dream about being chased by a monster because one day it might happen! It’s a bit like a pianist practising her scales every day even though she doesn’t need to use them at that moment.

Others believe that dreaming is the brain’s way of exercising the pathways between the brain cells. This may be an important element in why we sleep rather than why we dream. We die if we don’t sleep but we can live without dreaming. Some patients with brain injuries lose the ability to dream but don’t seem to suffer any ill-effects.

REM and dreaming

Scientists used to think that dreaming only happened during Rapid Eye Movement sleep (REM). REM sleep is essential for all mammals. We all become irritable and depressed without it. If we don’t have enough REM one night, we will compensate by having more the next. REM is generated by the brainstem – the oldest and most primitive part of the brain. So scientists used to believe that dreaming was also caused by activity in the brainstem. We now know that dreaming can happen at any time during sleep. The only difference seems to be that it’s easier to remember dreams that happen during REM.

Babies have a lot more REM activity than adults, but research shows that they dream less. The same may be true of animals. We know that they have REM activity but that doesn’t mean they dream.

It also seems that dreaming is a skill that develops as you get older, like language for example. Young children’s dreams are very different from older children’s or adult’s dreams.

New research

Modern technology has allowed scientists to map the parts of the brain that are active when we dream. The primitive brainstem is very active, but so are other important areas at the front of the brain. These are the frontal lobes that control emotion, memory, and experiences that come through the senses like hearing and vision. If these areas are injured, the person stops dreaming. On the other hand, the areas that control rational, logical thought are not active at all. This could explain why dreams are so strange. They have no logical sequence or time, which makes them very difficult to explain to other people when we wake up. Dreams combine recent events with long past events and our emotions while we are dreaming are often very strong.

Psychologists have also done studies on people who kept dream diaries for long periods of time (up to fifty years in some cases) and have found that what we dream is very much connected with how we think and behave when we are awake. So an extrovert, adventurous person will have extrovert, adventurous dreams. A shy person will be a shy person in her dreams. People who are important to us will often be in our dreams and so will things that worry us or make us happy.

So what’s the conclusion?

Well, nobody really knows. But scientists are now suggesting that dreams have absolutely no purpose at all. When we are awake we are ‘thinking’ all the time. Some of this thinking is useful and has a purpose. But we often just ‘think’ about nothing in particular while we’re waiting for the bus or walking to work. And that’s what the brain is doing when we are asleep - just thinking. Sometimes it’s interesting and sometimes it’s boring.

Doing the research for this article has made me more interested in my dreams rather than less. I might even start a dream diary! But nothing that I’ve read explains why I sometimes have an embarrassing dream about finding myself standing completely naked at a bus stop. Fortunately, this has never happened to me in real life, and it isn’t something that I think about when I’m awake. I’m told that it’s an example of a ‘universal dream’ – a dream that is common to people all over the world. Dreaming about flying is another example. So what’s the explanation? We can’t all be ‘just thinking’ about the same thing, can we?

Find the new words and translate it

5
1 tháng 2 2018

Một số lý thuyết về mục đích của những giấc mơ

Freud tin rằng chúng ta mơ ước để chúng ta có thể giải toả những ham muốn sâu, bí mật mà chúng ta không được phép diễn đạt trong cuộc sống thực bởi vì các quy tắc của xã hội lịch sự. Hầu hết mọi người đều biết về phân tích giấc mơ của Freud - giấc mơ về một con tàu đi vào đường hầm là một giấc mơ về quan hệ tình dục. Nhưng liệu đó có phải chỉ là một giấc mơ khi du hành trên tàu?

Một lý thuyết khác là những giấc mơ cho phép chúng ta giải quyết những vấn đề mà chúng ta không thể giải quyết trong cuộc sống thực. Chúng tôi đi ngủ với một vấn đề và thức dậy với câu trả lời. Đây có thể là một cách để "sử dụng" ước mơ của chúng ta hơn là một mục đích "của mơ ước. Nếu bạn tin rằng giấc mơ của bạn là quan trọng thì việc phân tích chúng có thể giúp bạn tập trung suy nghĩ về vấn đề và giúp bạn tìm ra giải pháp.

Hình ảnh hiện đại là giấc mơ là cách để làm sạch ổ cứng của máy tính, tổ chức các sự kiện trong ngày vào các thư mục và xóa các rác mà nó không muốn giữ. Nhưng tất cả chúng ta đều biết rằng rất ít những gì chúng tôi mơ ước mỗi tối liên quan đến những gì đã xảy ra với chúng tôi ngày hôm đó.

Một ý tưởng khác là giấc mơ là cách hành xử của não đối với hành vi mà chúng ta cần phải tồn tại. Vì vậy, chúng tôi mơ ước được bị đuổi bởi một con quái vật bởi vì một ngày nào đó có thể xảy ra! Nó giống như một nghệ sĩ piano thực hành quy mô của cô ấy mỗi ngày mặc dù cô ấy không cần sử dụng chúng vào lúc đó.

Những người khác tin rằng giấc mơ là cách não thực hiện các con đường giữa các tế bào não. Đây có thể là một yếu tố quan trọng tại sao chúng ta ngủ nhiều hơn là tại sao chúng ta mơ ước. Chúng ta chết nếu chúng ta không ngủ nhưng chúng ta có thể sống mà không mơ mộng. Một số bệnh nhân bị thương não mất khả năng mơ ước nhưng dường như không bị ảnh hưởng xấu.

REM và mơ ước

Các nhà khoa học từng nghĩ rằng giấc mơ chỉ xảy ra trong giấc ngủ Mắt nhanh (REM). Giấc ngủ REM là điều cần thiết cho tất cả các động vật có vú. Tất cả chúng ta trở nên cáu kỉnh và chán nản nếu không có nó. Nếu chúng ta không có đủ giấc ngủ đêm REM, chúng tôi sẽ đền bù bằng cách có thêm thời gian tiếp theo. REM được tạo ra bởi bộ não - phần lâu đời nhất và nguyên thủy nhất của bộ não. Vì vậy, các nhà khoa học từng tin rằng giấc mơ cũng là do hoạt động trong não. Bây giờ chúng ta biết rằng giấc mơ có thể xảy ra bất cứ lúc nào trong suốt giấc ngủ. Sự khác biệt duy nhất có thể là dễ nhớ hơn những giấc mơ xảy ra trong REM.

Trẻ sơ sinh có nhiều hoạt động REM hơn người lớn, nhưng nghiên cứu cho thấy họ mơ ước ít hơn. Điều này cũng có thể đúng với động vật. Chúng tôi biết rằng họ có hoạt động REM nhưng điều đó không có nghĩa là họ mơ ước.

Nó cũng có vẻ như là mơ ước là một kỹ năng phát triển khi bạn lớn lên, chẳng hạn như ngôn ngữ ví dụ. Ước mơ của trẻ nhỏ rất khác so với giấc mơ của những đứa trẻ lớn tuổi hơn và người lớn.

Nghiên cứu mới

Công nghệ hiện đại đã cho phép các nhà khoa học lập bản đồ các bộ phận của não hoạt động khi chúng ta mơ ước. Giun sơ khai rất năng động, nhưng cũng là những khu vực quan trọng khác ở phía trước của não. Đây là những thùy trán điều khiển cảm xúc, trí nhớ và kinh nghiệm đi qua các giác quan như nghe và nhìn. Nếu những khu vực này bị thương, người đó ngừng mơ. Mặt khác, các lĩnh vực kiểm soát suy nghĩ hợp lý, hợp lý không hoạt động chút nào. Điều này có thể giải thích tại sao những giấc mơ thật kỳ lạ. Họ không có trình tự hoặc thời gian hợp lý, điều này khiến họ rất khó giải thích cho người khác khi chúng tôi thức dậy. Giấc mơ kết hợp các sự kiện gần đây với những sự kiện trong quá khứ và cảm xúc của chúng ta trong khi chúng ta đang mơ ước thường rất mạnh.

Các nhà tâm lý học cũng đã thực hiện các nghiên cứu về những người giữ nhật ký trong một thời gian dài (đến 50 năm trong một số trường hợp) và nhận thấy rằng những gì chúng ta mơ ước có liên quan rất nhiều đến cách chúng ta suy nghĩ và hành xử khi chúng ta tỉnh táo. Vì vậy, một người hướng ngoại, mạo hiểm sẽ có những giấc mơ hướng ngoại, mạo hiểm. Một người nhút nhát sẽ là một người nhút nhát trong những giấc mơ của mình. Những người quan trọng đối với chúng ta thường có trong giấc mơ của chúng ta và những điều đó sẽ làm chúng ta lo lắng hoặc làm cho chúng ta hạnh phúc.

Vậy kết luận là gì?

Vâng, không ai thực sự biết. Nhưng các nhà khoa học hiện đang cho thấy những giấc mơ hoàn toàn không có mục đích. Khi chúng ta tỉnh dậy chúng ta đang 'suy nghĩ' mọi lúc. Một số suy nghĩ này là hữu ích và có một mục đích. Nhưng chúng ta thường chỉ "nghĩ" về không có gì đặc biệt trong khi chúng ta chờ xe buýt hoặc đi bộ để làm việc. Và đó là những gì mà bộ não đang làm khi chúng ta đang ngủ - chỉ cần suy nghĩ. Đôi khi nó thú vị và đôi khi nó là nhàm chán.

Làm nghiên cứu cho bài viết này đã làm tôi quan tâm nhiều hơn đến ước mơ của tôi chứ không phải là ít hơn. Tôi thậm chí có thể bắt đầu một nhật ký trong giấc mơ! Nhưng không có gì tôi đã đọc giải thích tại sao đôi khi tôi có một giấc mơ xấu hổ vì thấy mình đang đứng khỏa thân hoàn toàn tại bến xe buýt. May mắn thay, điều này đã không bao giờ xảy ra với tôi trong cuộc sống thực, và nó không phải là điều mà tôi nghĩ về khi tôi thức. Tôi được nói rằng đó là một ví dụ về 'giấc mơ phổ quát' - một giấc mơ phổ biến cho mọi người trên thế giới. Giấc mơ bay là một ví dụ khác. Vậy giải thích là gì? Chúng ta không thể chỉ "suy nghĩ" về cùng một điều, phải không?

1 tháng 2 2018

Some theories of the purpose of dreams

Freud believed that we dream so that we can release the deep, secret desires that we are not allowed to express in real life because of the rules of polite society. Most people know about Freudian dream analysis – a dream about a train going into a tunnel is a dream about sexual intercourse. But couldn’t it just be a dream about travelling on a train?

Another theory is that dreams allow us to solve problems that we can’t solve in real life. We go to sleep with a problem and wake up with the answer. This may be more of a way to ‘use’ our dreams than a ‘purpose’ of dreaming. If you believe that your dreams are important then analysing them may help you to focus your mind on the problem and help you to find the solution.

The modern image is that dreams are the brain’s way of cleaning up the computer’s hard disk, organizing the events of the day into folders and deleting the rubbish that it doesn’t want to keep. But we all know that very little of what we dream every night is concerned with what happened to us that day.

Another idea is that dreams are the brain’s way of practising the behaviour that we need to survive. So we dream about being chased by a monster because one day it might happen! It’s a bit a pianist practising her scales every day even though she doesn’t need to use them at that moment.

Others believe that dreaming is the brain’s way of exercising the pathways between the brain cells. This may be an important element in why we sleep rather than why we dream. We die if we don’t sleep but we can live without dreaming. Some patients with brain injuries lose the ability to dream but don’t seem to suffer any ill-effects.

REM and dreaming

Scientists used to think that dreaming only happened during Rapid Eye Movement sleep (REM). REM sleep is essential for all mammals. We all become irritable and depressed without it. If we don’t have enough REM one night, we will compensate by having more the next. REM is generated by the brainstem – the oldest and most primitive part of the brain. So scientists used to believe that dreaming was also caused by activity in the brainstem. We now know that dreaming can happen at any time during sleep. The only difference seems to be that it’s easier to remember dreams that happen during REM.

Babies have a lot more REM activity than adults, but research shows that they dream less. The same may be true of animals. We know that they have REM activity but that doesn’t mean they dream.

It also seems that dreaming is a skill that develops as you get older, language for example. Young children’s dreams are very different from older children’s or adult’s dreams.

New research

Modern technology has allowed scientists to map the parts of the brain that are active when we dream. The primitive brainstem is very active, but so are other important areas at the front of the brain. These are the frontal lobes that control emotion, memory, and experiences that come through the senses hearing and vision. If these areas are injured, the person stops dreaming. On the other hand, the areas that control rational, logical thought are not active at all. This could explain why dreams are so strange. They have no logical sequence or time, which makes them very difficult to explain to other people when we wake up. Dreams combine recent events with long past events and our emotions while we are dreaming are often very strong.

Psychologists have also done studies on people who kept dream diaries for long periods of time (up to fifty years in some cases) and have found that what we dream is very much connected with how we think and behave when we are awake. So an extrovert, adventurous person will have extrovert, adventurous dreams. A shy person will be a shy person in her dreams. People who are important to us will often be in our dreams and so will things that worry us or make us happy.

So what’s the conclusion?

Well, nobody really knows. But scientists are now suggesting that dreams have absolutely no purpose at all. When we are awake we are ‘thinking’ all the time. Some of this thinking is useful and has a purpose. But we often just ‘think’ about nothing in parular while we’re waiting for the bus or walking to work. And that’s what the brain is doing when we are asleep - just thinking. Sometimes it’s interesting and sometimes it’s boring.

Doing the research for this arle has made me more interested in my dreams rather than less. I might even start a dream diary! But nothing that I’ve read explains why I sometimes have an embarrassing dream about finding myself standing completely naked at a bus stop. Fortunately, this has never happened to me in real life, and it isn’t something that I think about when I’m awake. I’m told that it’s an example of a ‘universal dream’ – a dream that is common to people all over the world. Dreaming about flying is another example. So what’s the explanation? We can’t all be ‘just thinking’ about the same thing, can we?