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b) Đặt x = 2009 . Ta cần chứng minh \(\sqrt{x^2+x^2\left(x+1\right)^2+\left(x+1\right)^2}\) là số nguyên dương.
Ta xét : \(x^2+x^2\left(x+1\right)^2+\left(x+1\right)^2=x^2\left(x+1\right)^2+x^2+x^2+2x+1=x^2\left(x+1\right)^2+2x\left(x+1\right)+1=\left[x\left(x+1\right)+1\right]^2\)
\(\Rightarrow\sqrt{x^2+x^2\left(x+1\right)^2+\left(x+1\right)^2}=\left|x\left(x+1\right)+1\right|=x^2+x+1=2009^2+2009+1\) là một số nguyên dương.
\(\frac{1}{2\sqrt{1}+1\sqrt{2}}+\frac{1}{3\sqrt{2}+2\sqrt{3}}+........+\frac{1}{2010\sqrt{2009}+2009\sqrt{2010}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1}\sqrt{2}\left(\sqrt{1}+\sqrt{2}\right)}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}\sqrt{3}\left(\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{3}\right)}+........+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2009}\sqrt{2010}\left(\sqrt{2009}+\sqrt{2010}\right)}\)
\(=\frac{\left(\sqrt{2010}-\sqrt{2009}\right)\left(\sqrt{2010}+\sqrt{2009}\right)}{\sqrt{2009}\sqrt{2010}\left(\sqrt{2010}+\sqrt{2009}\right)}+.......+\frac{\left(\sqrt{2}-\sqrt{1}\right)\left(\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{1}\right)}{\sqrt{2}\sqrt{1}\left(\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{1}\right)}=1-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2010}}=1-\frac{\sqrt{2010}}{2010}\)
\(\sqrt{1+\frac{1}{n^2}+\frac{1}{\left(n+1\right)^2}}=\sqrt{\left(1+\frac{1}{n}-\frac{1}{n+1}\right)^2}=1+\frac{1}{n}-\frac{1}{n+1}\)
\(S=1+1-\frac{1}{2}+1+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3}+....+1+\frac{1}{n}-\frac{1}{n+1}\)
\(=n+1-\frac{1}{n+1}=\frac{\left(n+1\right)^2-1}{n+1}=\frac{2009^2-1}{2009}\Rightarrow n+1=2009\Rightarrow n=2008\)
Lấy vế trái trừ vế phải ta có:
\(\frac{2010}{\sqrt{2009}}+\frac{2009}{\sqrt{2010}}-\sqrt{2009}-\sqrt{2010}=\)\(\frac{2010}{\sqrt{2009}}+\frac{2009}{\sqrt{2010}}-\frac{2009}{\sqrt{2009}}-\frac{2010}{\sqrt{2010}}\)=\(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2009}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2010}}\) (1)
2009<2010 lên biểu thức (1) >0
\(a_n=\frac{2}{\left(2n+1\right)\left(\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n+1}\right)}=\frac{2\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)}{\left(2n+1\right)\left(n+1-n\right)}=\frac{2\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)}{n+n+1}\)
\(< \frac{\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}}{\sqrt{n\left(n+1\right)}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\)
\(a_1+a_2+a_3+...+a_{2009}< 1-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}+...-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2010}}=1-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2010}}< \frac{2008}{2010}\)
\(=\frac{2^2-1^2}{1^2.2^2}+\frac{3^2-2^2}{2^2.3^2}+\frac{4^2-3^2}{3^2.4^2}+...+\frac{2010^2-2009^2}{2009^2.2010^2}\)
\(=1-\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{2^2}-\frac{1}{3^2}+\frac{1}{3^2}-\frac{1}{4^2}+...+\frac{1}{2009^2}-\frac{1}{2010^2}=1-\frac{1}{2010^2}\)
\(=\frac{2^2-1^2}{1^2.2^2}+\frac{3^2-2^2}{2^2.3^2}+\frac{4^2-3^2}{3^2.4^2}+...+\frac{2010^2-2009^2}{2009^2.2010^2}\)
\(=1-\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{2^2}-\frac{1}{3^2}+\frac{1}{3^2}-\frac{1}{4^2}+...+\frac{1}{2009^2}-\frac{1}{2010^2}=1-\frac{1}{2010^2}\)
Câu a:
Có dạng tổng quát:\(\frac{1}{\left(k+1\right)\sqrt{k}+k\sqrt{x+1}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{\left(k+1\right)k}\left(\sqrt{k+1}+\sqrt{k}\right)}=\frac{\sqrt{k+1}-\sqrt{k}}{\sqrt{\left(k+1\right)k}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{k}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{k-1}}\)
Áp dụng kết quả trên suy ra câu a
Lời giải:
Đặt $a=2009$
\(\sqrt{2009^2+2009^2.2010^2+2010^2}=\sqrt{a^2+a^2(a+1)^2+(a+1)^2}\)
\(=\sqrt{a^2+a^2(a^2+2a+1)+(a+1)^2}\)
\(=\sqrt{a^2+a^4+2a^3+a^2+(a+1)^2}=\sqrt{a^4+2a^2(a+1)+(a+1)^2}\)
\(=\sqrt{(a^2+a+1)^2}=a^2+a+1=2009^2+2009+1\) là 1 số nguyên dương
Ta có đpcm.