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Một số lý thuyết về mục đích của những giấc mơ
Freud tin rằng chúng ta mơ ước để chúng ta có thể giải toả những ham muốn sâu, bí mật mà chúng ta không được phép diễn đạt trong cuộc sống thực bởi vì các quy tắc của xã hội lịch sự. Hầu hết mọi người đều biết về phân tích giấc mơ của Freud - giấc mơ về một con tàu đi vào đường hầm là một giấc mơ về quan hệ tình dục. Nhưng liệu đó có phải chỉ là một giấc mơ khi du hành trên tàu?
Một lý thuyết khác là những giấc mơ cho phép chúng ta giải quyết những vấn đề mà chúng ta không thể giải quyết trong cuộc sống thực. Chúng tôi đi ngủ với một vấn đề và thức dậy với câu trả lời. Đây có thể là một cách để "sử dụng" ước mơ của chúng ta hơn là một mục đích "của mơ ước. Nếu bạn tin rằng giấc mơ của bạn là quan trọng thì việc phân tích chúng có thể giúp bạn tập trung suy nghĩ về vấn đề và giúp bạn tìm ra giải pháp.
Hình ảnh hiện đại là giấc mơ là cách để làm sạch ổ cứng của máy tính, tổ chức các sự kiện trong ngày vào các thư mục và xóa các rác mà nó không muốn giữ. Nhưng tất cả chúng ta đều biết rằng rất ít những gì chúng tôi mơ ước mỗi tối liên quan đến những gì đã xảy ra với chúng tôi ngày hôm đó.
Một ý tưởng khác là giấc mơ là cách hành xử của não đối với hành vi mà chúng ta cần phải tồn tại. Vì vậy, chúng tôi mơ ước được bị đuổi bởi một con quái vật bởi vì một ngày nào đó có thể xảy ra! Nó giống như một nghệ sĩ piano thực hành quy mô của cô ấy mỗi ngày mặc dù cô ấy không cần sử dụng chúng vào lúc đó.
Những người khác tin rằng giấc mơ là cách não thực hiện các con đường giữa các tế bào não. Đây có thể là một yếu tố quan trọng tại sao chúng ta ngủ nhiều hơn là tại sao chúng ta mơ ước. Chúng ta chết nếu chúng ta không ngủ nhưng chúng ta có thể sống mà không mơ mộng. Một số bệnh nhân bị thương não mất khả năng mơ ước nhưng dường như không bị ảnh hưởng xấu.
REM và mơ ước
Các nhà khoa học từng nghĩ rằng giấc mơ chỉ xảy ra trong giấc ngủ Mắt nhanh (REM). Giấc ngủ REM là điều cần thiết cho tất cả các động vật có vú. Tất cả chúng ta trở nên cáu kỉnh và chán nản nếu không có nó. Nếu chúng ta không có đủ giấc ngủ đêm REM, chúng tôi sẽ đền bù bằng cách có thêm thời gian tiếp theo. REM được tạo ra bởi bộ não - phần lâu đời nhất và nguyên thủy nhất của bộ não. Vì vậy, các nhà khoa học từng tin rằng giấc mơ cũng là do hoạt động trong não. Bây giờ chúng ta biết rằng giấc mơ có thể xảy ra bất cứ lúc nào trong suốt giấc ngủ. Sự khác biệt duy nhất có thể là dễ nhớ hơn những giấc mơ xảy ra trong REM.
Trẻ sơ sinh có nhiều hoạt động REM hơn người lớn, nhưng nghiên cứu cho thấy họ mơ ước ít hơn. Điều này cũng có thể đúng với động vật. Chúng tôi biết rằng họ có hoạt động REM nhưng điều đó không có nghĩa là họ mơ ước.
Nó cũng có vẻ như là mơ ước là một kỹ năng phát triển khi bạn lớn lên, chẳng hạn như ngôn ngữ ví dụ. Ước mơ của trẻ nhỏ rất khác so với giấc mơ của những đứa trẻ lớn tuổi hơn và người lớn.
Nghiên cứu mới
Công nghệ hiện đại đã cho phép các nhà khoa học lập bản đồ các bộ phận của não hoạt động khi chúng ta mơ ước. Giun sơ khai rất năng động, nhưng cũng là những khu vực quan trọng khác ở phía trước của não. Đây là những thùy trán điều khiển cảm xúc, trí nhớ và kinh nghiệm đi qua các giác quan như nghe và nhìn. Nếu những khu vực này bị thương, người đó ngừng mơ. Mặt khác, các lĩnh vực kiểm soát suy nghĩ hợp lý, hợp lý không hoạt động chút nào. Điều này có thể giải thích tại sao những giấc mơ thật kỳ lạ. Họ không có trình tự hoặc thời gian hợp lý, điều này khiến họ rất khó giải thích cho người khác khi chúng tôi thức dậy. Giấc mơ kết hợp các sự kiện gần đây với những sự kiện trong quá khứ và cảm xúc của chúng ta trong khi chúng ta đang mơ ước thường rất mạnh.
Các nhà tâm lý học cũng đã thực hiện các nghiên cứu về những người giữ nhật ký trong một thời gian dài (đến 50 năm trong một số trường hợp) và nhận thấy rằng những gì chúng ta mơ ước có liên quan rất nhiều đến cách chúng ta suy nghĩ và hành xử khi chúng ta tỉnh táo. Vì vậy, một người hướng ngoại, mạo hiểm sẽ có những giấc mơ hướng ngoại, mạo hiểm. Một người nhút nhát sẽ là một người nhút nhát trong những giấc mơ của mình. Những người quan trọng đối với chúng ta thường có trong giấc mơ của chúng ta và những điều đó sẽ làm chúng ta lo lắng hoặc làm cho chúng ta hạnh phúc.
Vậy kết luận là gì?
Vâng, không ai thực sự biết. Nhưng các nhà khoa học hiện đang cho thấy những giấc mơ hoàn toàn không có mục đích. Khi chúng ta tỉnh dậy chúng ta đang 'suy nghĩ' mọi lúc. Một số suy nghĩ này là hữu ích và có một mục đích. Nhưng chúng ta thường chỉ "nghĩ" về không có gì đặc biệt trong khi chúng ta chờ xe buýt hoặc đi bộ để làm việc. Và đó là những gì mà bộ não đang làm khi chúng ta đang ngủ - chỉ cần suy nghĩ. Đôi khi nó thú vị và đôi khi nó là nhàm chán.
Làm nghiên cứu cho bài viết này đã làm tôi quan tâm nhiều hơn đến ước mơ của tôi chứ không phải là ít hơn. Tôi thậm chí có thể bắt đầu một nhật ký trong giấc mơ! Nhưng không có gì tôi đã đọc giải thích tại sao đôi khi tôi có một giấc mơ xấu hổ vì thấy mình đang đứng khỏa thân hoàn toàn tại bến xe buýt. May mắn thay, điều này đã không bao giờ xảy ra với tôi trong cuộc sống thực, và nó không phải là điều mà tôi nghĩ về khi tôi thức. Tôi được nói rằng đó là một ví dụ về 'giấc mơ phổ quát' - một giấc mơ phổ biến cho mọi người trên thế giới. Giấc mơ bay là một ví dụ khác. Vậy giải thích là gì? Chúng ta không thể chỉ "suy nghĩ" về cùng một điều, phải không?
Some theories of the purpose of dreams
Freud believed that we dream so that we can release the deep, secret desires that we are not allowed to express in real life because of the rules of polite society. Most people know about Freudian dream analysis – a dream about a train going into a tunnel is a dream about sexual intercourse. But couldn’t it just be a dream about travelling on a train?
Another theory is that dreams allow us to solve problems that we can’t solve in real life. We go to sleep with a problem and wake up with the answer. This may be more of a way to ‘use’ our dreams than a ‘purpose’ of dreaming. If you believe that your dreams are important then analysing them may help you to focus your mind on the problem and help you to find the solution.
The modern image is that dreams are the brain’s way of cleaning up the computer’s hard disk, organizing the events of the day into folders and deleting the rubbish that it doesn’t want to keep. But we all know that very little of what we dream every night is concerned with what happened to us that day.
Another idea is that dreams are the brain’s way of practising the behaviour that we need to survive. So we dream about being chased by a monster because one day it might happen! It’s a bit a pianist practising her scales every day even though she doesn’t need to use them at that moment.
Others believe that dreaming is the brain’s way of exercising the pathways between the brain cells. This may be an important element in why we sleep rather than why we dream. We die if we don’t sleep but we can live without dreaming. Some patients with brain injuries lose the ability to dream but don’t seem to suffer any ill-effects.
REM and dreaming
Scientists used to think that dreaming only happened during Rapid Eye Movement sleep (REM). REM sleep is essential for all mammals. We all become irritable and depressed without it. If we don’t have enough REM one night, we will compensate by having more the next. REM is generated by the brainstem – the oldest and most primitive part of the brain. So scientists used to believe that dreaming was also caused by activity in the brainstem. We now know that dreaming can happen at any time during sleep. The only difference seems to be that it’s easier to remember dreams that happen during REM.
Babies have a lot more REM activity than adults, but research shows that they dream less. The same may be true of animals. We know that they have REM activity but that doesn’t mean they dream.
It also seems that dreaming is a skill that develops as you get older, language for example. Young children’s dreams are very different from older children’s or adult’s dreams.
New research
Modern technology has allowed scientists to map the parts of the brain that are active when we dream. The primitive brainstem is very active, but so are other important areas at the front of the brain. These are the frontal lobes that control emotion, memory, and experiences that come through the senses hearing and vision. If these areas are injured, the person stops dreaming. On the other hand, the areas that control rational, logical thought are not active at all. This could explain why dreams are so strange. They have no logical sequence or time, which makes them very difficult to explain to other people when we wake up. Dreams combine recent events with long past events and our emotions while we are dreaming are often very strong.
Psychologists have also done studies on people who kept dream diaries for long periods of time (up to fifty years in some cases) and have found that what we dream is very much connected with how we think and behave when we are awake. So an extrovert, adventurous person will have extrovert, adventurous dreams. A shy person will be a shy person in her dreams. People who are important to us will often be in our dreams and so will things that worry us or make us happy.
So what’s the conclusion?
Well, nobody really knows. But scientists are now suggesting that dreams have absolutely no purpose at all. When we are awake we are ‘thinking’ all the time. Some of this thinking is useful and has a purpose. But we often just ‘think’ about nothing in parular while we’re waiting for the bus or walking to work. And that’s what the brain is doing when we are asleep - just thinking. Sometimes it’s interesting and sometimes it’s boring.
Doing the research for this arle has made me more interested in my dreams rather than less. I might even start a dream diary! But nothing that I’ve read explains why I sometimes have an embarrassing dream about finding myself standing completely naked at a bus stop. Fortunately, this has never happened to me in real life, and it isn’t something that I think about when I’m awake. I’m told that it’s an example of a ‘universal dream’ – a dream that is common to people all over the world. Dreaming about flying is another example. So what’s the explanation? We can’t all be ‘just thinking’ about the same thing, can we?
Đọc đoạn văn và viết T (Câu trả lời đúng), F (Câu trả lời sai)
Young Farmer
At the age of four, Gavin Clark knew the names of each one of his neighbour’s cows. By ten, he was selling chickens and eggs to his friends, and was winning prizes for them at farm shows. Now, at thirteen, he still loves farming and has his own animals. Presents for Gavin are not a problem – every year he gets another animal from his parents and brother.Gavin’s father, Steven, works for an international company and travels all over the world. Gavin has visited many exciting places in Europe with his father, but he is much happier doing his weekend job on his neighbour’s farm. Steven’s company wanted him to move to Portugal with the family. Everyone d the idea of living somewhere warm – but not Gavin! He said he wouldn’t leave his animals!In his free time Gavin plays tennis and football. He goes out with his friends and enjoys computer games, just other teenagers. But every morning he gets up at half past five to give his animals food and water, before he goes to school. His parent want him to go to college and get a diploma when he is sixteen. ‘Let’s wait and see,’ he says.
1. Gavin lives next to a farm. TRUE
2. Gavin’s family never know what to give him for his birthday. FALSE
3. Gavin’s father always travels alone on business. FALSE
4. Gavin spends Saturdays and Sundays working near his home. FALSE
5. Gavin didn’t agree with his parents about moving to Portugal. TRUE
6. Gavin is too busy with his animals to have any other hobbies. FALSE
7. Gavin gets up at the same time as his parents in the morning. FALSE
8. Gavin has decided to study for a diploma at college TRUE
Bill Prince-Smith was a farmer and a teacher and a dentist before he became a writer of children's books at age of 60. Now, thirteen years later, he has written more than 80 books. Every day, he goes into his office and writes. In the evening, he gives the work to his wife to read. "She tells me when she doesn't like something,"says Bill. "My ten grandchildren don't live near here but they also read my stories and say if they are good or bad". And so Bill has learned what young children want to read.
Bill writes about the life in his village and on the farms near it. His fifth book is his favourite: The Sheepdog is about a farmer and the dog that helps him. "I have always liked animals" says Bill, "and dogs are so clever, they learn very quickly."
Last year, the book was made into a film with real animals and actors. The film-makers used the latest computer technology to make people think that the animals are speaking. Bill was very pleased with the film. "Sometimes film- makers change books, but they didn't change mine and I love the film.
Questions: Bill prefers writing about animals to writing about people.
A . Right . B. Wrong C. Doesn't say
1)Fill in each gap with one suitable word.
1/ in
2/ has
3/ eyes
4/ is
5/ hair
6/ grow
2)Write the second sentence so that is has a similar to the first.(The answer)
1/I have short and curly hair.
2/ Let's stay at home and play computer game to night!
3/ What about go to Ha Long Bay next summer vacation?
4/ Viet Nam has a lot of beautiful beaches.
5/ I'd like some milk.
I) Fill in each gap with one suitable word.
I have a mom, a dad and a brother. All four of us live (1) .....in.......... a house. My dad is really tall. He (2) .......has............... brown hair and he has blue (3) .........eyes.........., and that's where I get my blue eyes. My mum .........is.......... really short. She is five four and she has blond hair, and that's where I get my blond (5) ...........hair.......... . My brother is fourteen - years old, and he is in the grade 9. His name is David. He is going to be a doctor when he (6) ............grow......... up.
II) Write the second sentence so that it has a similar to the first.
1, My hair is short and curly.
=> I have .....................short and curly hair..........................
2, Shall we stay at home and play computer game to night?
=> Let's .......stay at home and play computer game to night..........?
3, Let's go to Ha Long Bay next summer vacation.
=> What about ...............go to Ha Long Bay next summer vacation?...........?
4, There are a lot of beaitiful beaches in Viet Nam
=> Viet Nam has ..........a lot of beautiful beaches..................
5, I want some milk.
=> I'd ..............like some milk...............
Bray is a beautiful village about fifty kilometres west of London. A young Englishman named Howard Bonnier opened a restaurant called The Palace there about three and a half months ago. Not many people in Britain know Mr Bonnier’s name yet, but he’s already quite famous in France. This is because he has written in French magazines about almost all the best restaurants in that country. He’s only 29 years old.
When Howard was a teenager, he often went to restaurants with his mother and father.He liked doing this so much that he decided not to buy lots of clothes and CDs; instead, he used his money to visit France and eat in good restaurants. He also bought a lot of French and English cookbooks – he says he has more than two hundred and fifty!
So why did he decide to open a restaurant? Simply because he loves cooking. Has it been an easy thing to do? He says it’s expensive to start your own restaurant and it’s much more difficult to cook for fifty people than to cook for your family, but he’s sure he’s done the right thing.
1. The Palace há bên open for les than a year
A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn't say
2. Lots of people in France know about Hward
A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn't say
3. Howard's parents took him out to restaurants.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn't say
4. Howard has always spent a lot of money on clothes.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn't say
5. Howard has written books about Frech cooking.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn't say
6. It cooks a lot of money to eat in Howard's restaurant.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn't say
7. Howard says cooking for a lot of people is easy.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn't say
Bray is a beautiful village about fifty kilometres west of London. A young Englishman named Howard Bonnier opened a restaurant called The Palace there about three and a half months ago. Not many people in Britain know Mr Bonnier’s name yet, but he’s already quite famous in France. This is because he has written in French magazines about almost all the best restaurants in that country. He’s only 29 years old.
When Howard was a teenager, he often went to restaurants with his mother and father.He liked doing this so much that he decided not to buy lots of clothes and CDs; instead, he used his money to visit France and eat in good restaurants. He also bought a lot of French and English cookbooks – he says he has more than two hundred and fifty!
So why did he decide to open a restaurant? Simply because he loves cooking. Has it been an easy thing to do? He says it’s expensive to start your own restaurant and it’s much more difficult to cook for fifty people than to cook for your family, but he’s sure he’s done the right thing.
1. The Palace há bên open for les than a year
A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn't say
2. Lots of people in France know about Hward
A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn't say
3. Howard's parents took him out to restaurants.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn't say
4. Howard has always spent a lot of money on clothes.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn't say
5. Howard has written books about Frech cooking.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn't say
6. It cooks a lot of money to eat in Howard's restaurant.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn't say 7.
Howard says cooking for a lot of people is easy.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn't say
Read the text and choose the best answer:
Home school : a good thing or a bad thing ?
Some children don't go to school. Well, they don't learn in a classroom with a lof of other children ; they stay at home and study with their mum or dad. Thay don't learn at home because they have to , but because some parents think their children don't learn enough at normal schools.
' School isn't good for my son ' , says Miranda Peeler, who teachers her son, Ben,at home. ' Ben doesn't work in class ' . He play with his friends all the time and he doesn't listen to the teacher . There are 30 children in his class, and it's difficult for the teacher to teach ALL of them. Now T teach him at home . He learn all the important subjects and he does a lot of work. He has to ; he's the only one in the class! We study on the computer too. At school there is only one computer for all the children in the class. Ben like home school . He's a clever boy and he wants to learn . Here he can do that. Brenda Masters is a teacher. She doen's think it's a good idea.' Yes, children learn a lot at home school. But they don't play with their friends. They don't learn how to work in a group. Work is important but play is important too. Friends are important. Sport is important. School is important.
1. A lot of children study at home because:
A. their parents want to teach them at home .
B. the teacher don't want the children at school.
2. Ben's mother think :
A. Ben doesn't study important subjects at school.
B. the classes are verry big.
3. At Ben's school :
A. There are some computers.
B. The children don't use computer.
=> THERE IS ONLY ONE COMPUTER FOR ALL OF THE STUDENTS.
4. Brenda think :
A. parents are's good teacher.
B.Children have to work and play.
5. Brenda thinks that home school is :
A. a good thing.
B. a bad thing.
Today (be) is my second day of my trek around the Nepalese mountains. I am tired and my legs are shaking (shake). I just hope I am able to finish the journey. Me feet (kill) are killing me and my toes (bleed) are bleeding , but I still want to continue (still, want).Nepal is a great country but I still (have) a lot to learn about it. Everything (be) is so different and I (try) am trying to adapt to the new way of life here. I (learn) am learning a little bit of the language to make communication easier. Unfortunately, I (not learn) don't learn languages very quickly. Although I (not understand) don't understand much yet I believe that I (slow improve) am slow improving .I am currently travelling with Ian, a student from London University. He (be) is a nice guy but he always (walk) walks ahead of me and (complain) complains that I am too slow. I (do) am doing my best to catch up with him but he is younger and stronger than I am.Right now Ian (sit) is sitting together with the owner of the inn. They (talk) are talking about life in England and Nepal. I (not know) don't know the name of the owner but everyone just (call) just calls him Tam. He (speak) speaks English very well and (try) is trying to teach Ian some words in his own language
*Nhìn khá rối mắt,khó nhìn nên sẽ có chỗ sót , bạn bỏ qua cho mình .
- Chào em, em tham khảo nhé :
Today (be) is my second day of my trek around the Nepalese mountains. I am tired and my legs (shake) are shaking. I just hope I am able to finish the journey. Me feet (kill) are killing me and my toes (bleed) are bleeding, but I want to still continue (still, want) .Nepal is a great country but I still (have) have a lot to learn about it. Everything (be) is so different and I (try) am trying to adapt to the new way of life here. I (learn) am learning a little bit of the language to make communication easier. Unfortunately, I (not learn) don't learn languages very quickly. Although I (not understand) haven't understood much yet I believe that I (slow improve) am slow improving .I am currently travelling with Ian, a student from London University. He (be) is a nice guy but he always (walk) walks ahead of me and (complain) complaining that I am too slow. I (do) am doing my best to catch up with him but he is younger and stronger than I am.Right now Ian (sit) is sitting together with the owner of the inn. They (talk) are talking about life in England and Nepal. I (not know) don't know the name of the owner but everyone just (call) calls him Tam. He (speak) speaks English very well and (try) trying to teach Ian some words in his own language.
Read and choose the answers:
Bill Prince-Smith was a farmer and a teacher and a dentist before he became a writer of children's books at age of 60. Now, thirteen years later, he has written more than 80 books. Every day, he goes into his office and writes. In the evening, he gives the work to his wife to read. "She tells me when she doesn't like something,"says Bill. "My ten grandchildren don't live near here but they also read my stories and say if they are good or bad". And so Bill has learned what young children want to read.
Bill writes about the life in his village and on the farms near it. His fifth book is his favourite: The Sheepdog is about a farmer and the dog that helps him. "I have always liked animals" says Bill, "and dogs are so clever, they learn very quickly."
Last year, the book was made into a film with real animals and actors. The film-makers used the latest computer technology to make people think that the animals are speaking. Bill was very pleased with the film. "Sometimes film- makers change books, but they didn't change mine and I love the film.
Question:
Bill prefers writing about animals to writing about people.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesn't say
Bill prefers writing about animals to writing about people.
A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Doesn't say
Đặt tên Thủ đô
TÊN VỐN
Một tóc vàng đã than phiền với người bạn của mình về việc bị liên tục gọi là tóc vàng câm.
Người bạn của ông nói với anh "Đi làm cái gì đó để chứng minh họ sai! Tại sao bạn không tìm hiểu tất cả các thủ phủ của tiểu bang hoặc một cái gì đó? "
Cô gái tóc vàng cho rằng đây là một ý tưởng tuyệt vời, và khóa mình trong hai tuần học tập.
Bên cạnh ông ta đi đến, một số kẻ đang làm cho ý kiến vàng câm với anh.
Ông được tất cả phẫn nộ và tuyên bố, "Tôi không phải là tóc vàng câm. Trong thực tế, tôi có thể đặt tên cho tất cả các nguồn vốn nhà nước! "
Họ không tin anh ta, vì vậy ông dám cho họ để kiểm tra anh ấy. Một trong số họ nói: "Được rồi, Thủ đô của Montana là gì?"
Cô gái tóc vàng mỉm cười rộng rãi và nói, "Đó là dễ dàng! Đó là M! "
TÊN VỐN
Một tóc vàng đã than phiền với người bạn của mình về việc bị liên tục gọi là tóc vàng câm.
Người bạn của ông nói với anh "Đi làm cái gì đó để chứng minh họ sai! Tại sao bạn không tìm hiểu tất cả các thủ phủ của tiểu bang hoặc một cái gì đó? "
Anh chàng tóc vàng cho rằng đây là một ý tưởng tuyệt vời, và khóa mình trong hai tuần học tập.
Bên cạnh ông ta đi đến, một số kẻ đang làm cho ý kiến vàng câm với anh.
Ông được tất cả phẫn nộ và tuyên bố, "Tôi không phải là tóc vàng câm. Trong thực tế, tôi có thể đặt tên cho tất cả các thủ đô nhà nước! "
Họ không tin anh ta, vì vậy ông dám cho họ để kiểm tra anh ấy. Một trong số họ nói: "Được rồi, Thủ đô của Montana là gì?"
Anh chàng tóc vàng mỉm cười rộng rãi và nói, "Đó là dễ dàng! Đó là M!