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DL
1
TM
8 tháng 5 2021
Bạn tk:
The gas giant Jupiter, the next planet beyond Mars in the solar system, is inhospitable to life in any currently imaginable form. But its icy moons – especially Europa – have potential. A number of missions have flown past Jupiter and its moons on route to other places, but Nasa’s Galileo mission was the first designed to specifically orbit the planet and study its moons. It collected images and data in the Jovian system from 1995 to 2003, passing Europa 12 times.
Jupiter’s moon Europa is one of the most likely places to harbour life outside Earth, with its liquid oceans and gravitational energy sources
Pictures and data collected by this spacecraft suggest that Europa has a layered structure like Earth: an iron-rich core, a rocky mantle and a crust of ice. Magnetic field measurements found an electric current inside, consistent with a salty liquid ocean beneath the thick crust of ice around the whole planet. Photographs showing huge cracks in the ice, taken by the same mission, support this idea.
Europa’s surface resembles Earth’s sea ice in Antarctica, explains François Poulet from the Institute of Space Astrophysics at the Université Paris-Sud in France: ‘It indicates that the ice is geologically pretty young and it could be proof of its interaction with a reservoir of liquid water.’ In December 2012, the Hubble Space Telescope also detected water vapour above Europa’s South Pole and it was proposed this came from erupting water plumes. Spacecraft have not yet seen these plumes, however, so if they do exist they must be intermittent.
So, Europa probably has water. But what about the other two necessary components to be habitable? It has a source of heat energy coming from the friction of being pulled towards Jupiter’s gravitational field by different amounts during different stages of its elliptical orbit. There is also plenty of radiation around Jupiter to potentially start chemical reactions (strong enough to also very quickly destroy any organic compound formed). But whether it has the correct raw chemical ingredients isn’t yet known; modelling suggests that it might, but more hard data is needed.
In 2022, both the European Space Agency (ESA) and Nasa plan to launch spacecraft that will get up close and personal with Europa. ESA’s Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (Juice) will take over seven years to reach the Jovian system. ‘We will arrive at the end of 2029 and start operation during 2030,’ says Poulet, a member of the team developing the visible and infrared spectrometer onboard called Majis (Moons and Jupiter Imaging Spectrometer). The main target of the Juice mission is Ganymede, another of Jupiter’s moons, but Europa will receive two flybys. Majis will characterise the surface composition of this moon and – together with the UV spectrometer onboard – determine the composition of Europa’s very thin atmosphere. Other cameras and spectrometers will also help build understanding of this icy world’s interior and crust.
For Nasa’s Europa Clipper mission, Europa is the star of the show. While the seemingly obvious mission would be to orbit Europa for a few years, any spacecraft doing this would be exposed to life-shortening radiation from Jupiter. Instead, Europa clipper will orbit Jupiter, dipping in and out of its radiation belt. It will carry out at least 45 close flybys of Europa over three and a half years. A mixture of cameras and spectrometers will examine the moon and its tenuous atmosphere. If the water plumes above the South Pole do exist, it will also be able to fly through these and therefore directly measure the chemical composition of the moon’s ocean. If the Europa Clipper launches in 2022, there are two possible arrival times for it: 2025, if Nasa’s new Space Launch System (SLS) that is currently in development is used, or January 2030, if a traditional rocket is used.
M
1
12 tháng 1 2022
Cho cả năm luôn này cj:) Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh lớp 8 cả năm - Hiến thức tiếng Anh lớp 8 học kì 1 + học kì 2 - VnDoc.com
D
moị người giúp em với ạ, e thi mãi mà chưa qua vòng
1
6 tháng 11 2023
1. Many teenagers make friends via (1) ...social network... like Facebook, Instagram and Twitter
2. One of the largest (2) ...search engine.... on the Internet is Google
3. Young people need (3) ....guidance...... and limit - setting from their parents and other adults
4. The transition from child to (4) ...adult... can be rocky
5. A teenagers may be deeply upset by the (5) ....breakdowns.... in communication
6. Every teen is different, but they may (5) ...suffer... from common symptoms of distress.
7. Sports activities can help me (6) .....teamwork........
DT
12 tháng 4 2022
Yes, I do. I love it because it helps me become more intelligent and knowledgeable, it helps me to bring my self-worth from the border of each person to the world, on par with the 5 continents superpowers. I love it and adore it. I wanna be an English teacher.
L
12 tháng 4 2022
Do you like study English? Why?
I like studying English. As you know, English is the most popular language in the world and people use it everywhere. Nowadays, schools teach students to learn English, in order to practice basic skills. Learning English will make it easier for me to read English articles or information. In addition, I also can communicate with all foreigners. That's why I love studying this subject!
~ THAT'S ALL ~
Nếu để thi nói thì bạn kết thúc thêm câu: Thanks for listening
19 tháng 4 2021
Cu Chi Tunnels, a complex network of underground tunnels were firstly built in the late 1940s during the French colonial period and later were expanded in the early 1960s when the US escalated its military presence in South Vietnam to support a non-Communist regime. Read more about Cu Chi Tunnels here to understand their significant role in the country’s war history.
AL
5 tháng 5 2021
Communication is a quick and quick way to convey information from one person to another. There are many ways to communicate. Signing communication is the use of predefined symbols to communicate with each other, it is often used with the hearing impaired and the non-verbal. Next is the way of communicating by means of communication such as computers, telephones, this is usually used on the phone. And the most common way is oral communication. We will talk to each other to transmit information to each other, this is the easiest and fastest way to communicate. There are many ways to practice communication such as speaking with enthusiasm, assertiveness, not talking around, not stuttering, using gesture language "mirroring", asking unknown questions, revealing the name of the other person. . Through the above, you already know the different ways to communicate and how to improve communication skills, hope you can apply them in everyday life.
MA
1
HV
7 tháng 12 2021
1 were you doing
2 were having - rang
3 takes - is celebrated
4 was formed
5 have lost - haven't found
6 is held to worship
7 skating
8 getting up
9 reading - doing
10 has been built
11 swimming - feel
12 were watching - failed
13 has worked - graduated
14 have been invited
15 will be discussing
16 decided not to stay
17 to pass - testing
18 not to phone
19 doing
20 to stay - do
NH
1
B
22 tháng 12 2022
6 activities
2 encouragement
5 encouragement
1 invention
4 encourages
5 encouragement
22 tháng 12 2022
à bạn ơi, bạn giải thích giùm mình chỗ mấy encouragement đc không ạ. cho mình hỏi là sao không them S vào ạ mình cảm ơn ạ