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Exercise 2: Read and arrange the headlines into each paragraph.

- Set up a compost bin

- Explore the idea of purchasing energy-efficient appliances

- Make your own non-toxic cleaning products

- Grow an organic garden

WAYS TO MAKE GREENER WORLD

1. ______________________________

Doing this will reduce the use of plastics because you are reusing plastic containers to hold the cleaning products. The ingredients are also biodegradable which means it is gentler on the environment.

2. ______________________________

Being able to rely on yourself for fresh produce is very rewarding. Share your harvest with neighbors and preserve the excess for years to come. If you don’t have the space or time to grow a garden, shop locally and support local farmers.

3. ______________________________

Add a few less things to the landfill by composting your kitchen scraps. All plant-derived foods, coffee grounds and tea leaves can be composted. Have a small container in your home to place items in. When the storage container gets full, transfer the waste to an outdoor bin. Use the results to enrich fertile soil in the garden.

4. ______________________________

They may cost more upfront but in the end you will save money because they use less energy. Replace regular lights bulbs with their energy efficient counterparts. You pay a little more, but the life of the bulb is significantly longer.

Exercise 6: Read the text again and answer the questions.

1. What will you do to reduce the use of plastics?

__________________________________________________________________ .

2. What should you do with the excess of harvest?

__________________________________________________________________ .

3. "What should you do if you do not have space for growing a garden?

__________________________________________________________________ .

4. How can you reduce the amount of rubbish?

__________________________________________________________________ .

5. What can be composted?

__________________________________________________________________ .

6. What can we do with the composted products?

__________________________________________________________________ .

7. How energy-efficient appliances help to save money?

__________________________________________________________________ .

8. Which are cheaper, regular light bulbs or energy efficient appliances?

__________________________________________________________________ .

1
22 tháng 7 2020

Exercise 2: Read and arrange the headlines into each paragraph.

- Set up a compost bin

- Explore the idea of purchasing energy-efficient appliances

- Make your own non-toxic cleaning products

- Grow an organic garden

WAYS TO MAKE GREENER WORLD

1. Make your own non-toxxic cleaning products

Doing this will reduce the use of plastics because you are reusing plastic containers to hold the cleaning products. The ingredients are also biodegradable which means it is gentler on the environment.

2. Grow an organic garden

Being able to rely on yourself for fresh produce is very rewarding. Share your harvest with neighbors and preserve the excess for years to come. If you don’t have the space or time to grow a garden, shop locally and support local farmers.

3. Set up a compost bin

Add a few less things to the landfill by composting your kitchen scraps. All plant-derived foods, coffee grounds and tea leaves can be composted. Have a small container in your home to place items in. When the storage container gets full, transfer the waste to an outdoor bin. Use the results to enrich fertile soil in the garden.

4. Explore the idea of purchasing energy-efficient appliances

They may cost more upfront but in the end you will save money because they use less energy. Replace regular lights bulbs with their energy efficient counterparts. You pay a little more, but the life of the bulb is significantly longer.

Exercise 6: Read the text again and answer the questions.

1. What will you do to reduce the use of plastics?

I will make my own non-toxxic cleaning products .

2. What should you do with the excess of harvest?

I will share my harvest with neighbors and preserve the excess for years to come .

3. What should you do if you do not have space for growing a garden?

I will shop locally and support local farmers .

4. How can you reduce the amount of rubbish?

I can set up a compost bin .

5. What can be composted?

All plant-derived foods, coffee grounds and tea leaves can be composted .

6. What can we do with the composted products?

We can use them to enrich fertile soil in the garden .

7. How energy-efficient appliances help to save money?

They use less energy .

8. Which are cheaper, regular light bulbs or energy efficient appliances?

Regular light bulbs .

IV, Write a suitable word in each blank to complete the passage. Three ways everyone can help make the Earth a greener place is to reduce, reuse, and recycle! When people reduce it means they are using (1)……………. of something. This allows us to create less waste. Turning off the (2)………………. when we brush our teeth is a simple way to reduce. This is a small action that prevents us from wasting water. Another small action people can take is to reuse things we already have....
Đọc tiếp

IV, Write a suitable word in each blank to complete the passage. Three ways everyone can help make the Earth a greener place is to reduce, reuse, and recycle! When people reduce it means they are using (1)……………. of something. This allows us to create less waste. Turning off the (2)………………. when we brush our teeth is a simple way to reduce. This is a small action that prevents us from wasting water. Another small action people can take is to reuse things we already have. Taking bags to the store when we shop for food is one way to reuse them. Using both (3)…………….. of piece of paper before getting a new one is another way to reuse. (4)………………. is when new materials are created from old ones. Paper, plastic, and metalare all materials that can be recycled. Things like newspapers, soda cans, and plastic bags can all be turned into new objects if we take the time to recycle them!

8
5 tháng 8 2021

IV, Write a suitable word in each blank to complete the passage.

Three ways everyone can help make the Earth a greener place is to reduce, reuse, and recycle! When people reduce it means they are using (1)……less………. of something. This allows us to create less waste. Turning off the (2)……faucet…………. when we brush our teeth is a simple way to reduce. This is a small action that prevents us from wasting water. Another small action people can take is to reuse things we already have. Taking bags to the store when we shop for food is one way to reuse them. Using both (3)………sides…….. of piece of paper before getting a new one is another way to reuse. (4)………Recycling………. is when new materials are created from old ones. Paper, plas, and metalare all materials that can be recycled. Things newspapers, soda cans, and plas bags can all be turned into new objects if we take the time to recycle them!

5 tháng 8 2021

IV, Write a suitable word in each blank to complete the passage.

Three ways everyone can help make the Earth a greener place is to reduce, reuse, and recycle! When people reduce it means they are using (1) little  of something. This allows us to create less waste. Turning off the (2) water when we brush our teeth is a simple way to reduce. This is a small action that prevents us from wasting water. Another small action people can take is to reuse things we already have. Taking bags to the store when we shop for food is one way to reuse them. Using both (3) when of piece of paper before getting a new one is another way to reuse. (4) recycling is when new materials are created from old ones. Paper, plas, and metalare all materials that can be recycled. Things newspapers, soda cans, and plas bags can all be turned into new objects if we take the time to recycle them!

Read the following passage: Recycling is important in improving the environment. Below are some helpful tips about recycling in and around the home. 1. Find ways of recycling different materials Many materials can be recycled, such as paper, plastic, metal and glass. Other items such as furniture, electronic equipment, building material and vehicles can also be recycled. 2. Buy products that can be recycled When shopping at the supermarket, buy products that can be recycled easily such as...
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Read the following passage:

Recycling is important in improving the environment. Below are some helpful tips about recycling in and around the home.

1. Find ways of recycling different materials

Many materials can be recycled, such as paper, plastic, metal and glass. Other items such as furniture, electronic equipment, building material and vehicles can also be recycled.

2. Buy products that can be recycled

When shopping at the supermarket, buy products that can be recycled easily such as glass jars and tin cans.

3. Recycling bins

Make sure you have a recycling bin in your home. Keep it in an obvious place so you won’t forget to use it.

Find the word in the passage having the similar meaning with the explanation:

1. the pieces of information, especially about how to do something ____________

2. a large shopwhich sells most types of food and other goodsneeded in the home ____________

True or false?

3. Plastic cannot be recycled. ____________

4. When shopping, it is a good idea to buy things from glass. ____________

5. It is better to put the recycling bins in obvious places. ____________

3
27 tháng 4 2017

Read the following passage:

Recycling is important in improving the environment. Below are some helpful tips about recycling in and around the home.

1. Find ways of recycling different materials

Many materials can be recycled, such as paper, plastic, metal and glass. Other items such as furniture, electronic equipment, building material and vehicles can also be recycled.

2. Buy products that can be recycled

When shopping at the supermarket, buy products that can be recycled easily such as glass jars and tin cans.

3. Recycling bins

Make sure you have a recycling bin in your home. Keep it in an obvious place so you won’t forget to use it.

True or false?

3. Plastic cannot be recycled. _FALSE_

4. When shopping, it is a good idea to buy things from glass. _TRUE_

5. It is better to put the recycling bins in obvious places. _TRUE_

28 tháng 4 2017

Read the following passage:

Recycling is important in improving the environment. Below are some helpful tips about recycling in and around the home.

1. Find ways of recycling different materials

Many materials can be recycled, such as paper, plastic, metal and glass. Other items such as furniture, electronic equipment, building material and vehicles can also be recycled.

2. Buy products that can be recycled

When shopping at the supermarket, buy products that can be recycled easily such as glass jars and tin cans.

3. Recycling bins

Make sure you have a recycling bin in your home. Keep it in an obvious place so you won’t forget to use it.

Find the word in the passage having the similar meaning with the explanation:

True or false?

3. Plastic cannot be recycled. False

4. When shopping, it is a good idea to buy things from glass. True

5. It is better to put the recycling bins in obvious places. True

You should call the police when you believe a crime is about to be committed or has been comitted. Cops would much rather hear from people BEFORE the crime than after the crime. For example, if you see a person you don't recognize as a neighbor, in your neighborhood looking into parked cars, call the cops. We would rather try to catch him and identify him before he steals the car, rather than have to chase him (endangering lives) after he steals it.You should also call the cops about disturbing...
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You should call the police when you believe a crime is about to be committed or has been comitted. Cops would much rather hear from people BEFORE the crime than after the crime. For example, if you see a person you don't recognize as a neighbor, in your neighborhood looking into parked cars, call the cops. We would rather try to catch him and identify him before he steals the car, rather than have to chase him (endangering lives) after he steals it.

You should also call the cops about disturbing choices people make that can effect your quality of life. If someone puts their stereo on so loud it bothers you, you should go ask him to turn it down, and if he doesn't then call the cops. If there is a loud party next door and they keep waking you up, call the cops to make them turn down the noise or break up the party. Call in if you have drug dealing or prostitution in your neighborhood. You should not have to put up with that crap.

There are many ways to get your local cops to help you, that is what they are there for, you dont necessarily have to call. If it is an ongoing problem a letter or email to the chief will usually get the ball going. Or you can wave down an officer and tell them what the problem is, they are public servants that work for the citizens. A lot of serious crimes have been solved because a citizen passed along information to an officer.

DICH GIUM VOI 

0
Three ways everyone can help make the Earth a greener place is to reduce, reuse, and recycle!When people reduce it means they are using (46)________ of something. This allows us to create less waste. Turning off the faucet when we brush our teeth is a simple way to reduce. This is a small action that prevents us from wasting (47)________.Another small action people can take is to reuse things we already have. Taking bags to the store (48)________ we shop for food is one way to reuse them. Using...
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Three ways everyone can help make the Earth a greener place is to reduce, reuse, and recycle!

When people reduce it means they are using (46)________ of something. This allows us to create less waste. Turning off the faucet when we brush our teeth is a simple way to reduce. This is a small action that prevents us from wasting (47)________.

Another small action people can take is to reuse things we already have. Taking bags to the store (48)________ we shop for food is one way to reuse them. Using both (49)________ of piece of paper before getting a new one is another way to reuse.

(50)________ is when new materials are created from old ones. Paper, plastic, and metal are all materials that can be recycled. Things like newspapers, soda cans, and plastic bags can all be turned into new objects if we take the time to recycle them!

46..a. much b. more c. little d. less

47.a. energy b. electricity c. water d. time

48.a. when b. what c. how d. while

49.a. ways b. sides c. parts d. points

50.a. Reusing b. Reducing c. Recycling d. Reacting

4
18 tháng 5 2021

trả lời hộ

18 tháng 5 2021

46A 47B 48A 49C 50C

cho mình nha

Three ways everyone can help make the Earth a greener place is to reduce, reuse, and recycle!When people reduce it means they are using (46)________ of something. This allows us to create less waste. Turning off the faucet when we brush our teeth is a simple way to reduce. This is a small action that prevents us from wasting (47)________.Another small action people can take is to reuse things we already have. Taking bags to the store (48)________ we shop for food is one way to reuse them. Using...
Đọc tiếp

Three ways everyone can help make the Earth a greener place is to reduce, reuse, and recycle!

When people reduce it means they are using (46)________ of something. This allows us to create less waste. Turning off the faucet when we brush our teeth is a simple way to reduce. This is a small action that prevents us from wasting (47)________.

Another small action people can take is to reuse things we already have. Taking bags to the store (48)________ we shop for food is one way to reuse them. Using both (49)________ of piece of paper before getting a new one is another way to reuse.

(50)________ is when new materials are created from old ones. Paper, plastic, and metal are all materials that can be recycled. Things like newspapers, soda cans, and plastic bags can all be turned into new objects if we take the time to recycle them!

46..a. much b. more c. little d. less

47.a. energy b. electricity c. water d. time

48.a. when b. what c. how d. while

49.a. ways b. sides c. parts d. points

50.a. Reusing b. Reducing c. Recycling d. Reacting

3
18 tháng 5 2021

46..a. much b. more c. little d. less

47.a. energy b. electricity c. water d. time

48.a. when b. what c. how d. while

49.a. ways b. sides c. parts d. points

50.a. Reusing b. Reducing c. Recycling d. Reacting

18 tháng 5 2021

46 D ; 47A ; 48A ; 49B ; 50C

cycling is the best means of transportation and exercise for three seasons. Frist, it is one of the safest forms of exercise. A daily bike ride will help improve your breathing and gently increase your energy. Cycling, three fore, is suitablefor people of all ages, but if you have any medical problems, check with your doctor before you start. Besides being an excellent from of exercise, cycling allows you to see the coutry as you ride your bike slowly through small quiet villages orbeautiful...
Đọc tiếp

cycling is the best means of transportation and exercise for three seasons. Frist, it is one of the safest forms of exercise. A daily bike ride will help improve your breathing and gently increase your energy. Cycling, three fore, is suitablefor people of all ages, but if you have any medical problems, check with your doctor before you start. Besides being an excellent from of exercise, cycling allows you to see the coutry as you ride your bike slowly through small quiet villages orbeautiful forest paths. Cycling ia also an easy, convenient and inexpensive means of transportation.Ride your bike to school and you never gat held up in traffic on the way!You'll be in control, keep your teacher happy and be healthier,too

1,Riding regularly is especially good for__(a,smokers/b,non-smokers/c,patient/d,the old)

2,Can a paitent ride a bicycle?(a,No he/she can//b,yes,he/she can//c,maybe yes, but ask your doctor first//d,yes,only once a week)

3,What kinds of people are suitable for riding?(a,young people//b,peopleof any ages//c,old people//d,children)

4,How many seasons are menntioned in the passage for choosing cycling?(a,one/b,two//c,three/d,four)

5,Why should you cycle to school?(a,because your teacher gas a bicycle,too//b,because it is easy to park at school//c,because it is easy to use///dbecause you are never late due to the traffic)

1
20 tháng 2 2018

Cycling is the best means of transportation and exercise for three seasons. Frist, it is one of the safest forms of exercise. A daily bike ride will help improve your breathing and gently increase your energy. Cycling, three fore, is suitable for people of all ages, but if you have any medical problems, check with your doctor before you start. Besides being an excellent form of exercise, cycling allows you to see the country as you ride your bike slowly through small quiet villages or beautiful forest paths. Cycling is also an easy, convenient and inexpensive means of transportation.Ride your bike to school and you never get held up in traffic on the way!You'll be in control, keep your teacher happy and be healthier, too

1,Riding regularly is especially good for_____________

____a,smokers ___________ b,non-smokers ___________ c,patient _________ d,the old

2, Can a patient ride a bicycle?

____a,No he/she can ________ b,yes,he/she can _________ c,maybe yes, but ask your doctor first _________ d,yes,only once a week

3, What kinds of people are suitable for riding?

____a,young people __________b,people of any ages___________c,old people_______d,children)

4,How many seasons are mentioned in the passage for choosing cycling?

____a,one____________b,two_______c,three_________d,four)

5, Why should you cycle to school?

_____a, because your teacher gas a bicycle,too

_____b, because it is easy to park at school

_____c because it is easy to us

_____d,because you are never late due to the traffic

P/s: Ngồi chỉnh lại cái đề cx mệt dã man

20 tháng 2 2018

xin lỗi nhé thank you Mai Phương

Note: You need to write a response to an e-mail that you will read. What your response needs to include is in the directions so make sure you also read the directions carefully. Dear John, Hi! This is Raj, from Delhi, your pen pal. It was nice to learn from your letter that we both share quite a lot of common interests and hobbies. The subjects that we had opted in our respective secondary studies are co-incidentally common. As a matter of fact, it is due to this reason that the industry...
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Note: You need to write a response to an e-mail that you will read. What your response needs to include is in the directions so make sure you also read the directions carefully.

Dear John,

Hi! This is Raj, from Delhi, your pen pal. It was nice to learn from your letter that we both share quite a lot of common interests and hobbies. The subjects that we had opted in our respective secondary studies are co-incidentally common. As a matter of fact, it is due to this reason that the industry which we both are employed in is also common. It is good to learn that you are also serving a Financial Industry, after your specialisation in the stream of Finance. However, ironically, the respective companies in which we both are employed are arch rivals in the industry of Finance.

Well, that is something on the professional side of us. Due to immense work pressure, I have lately joined yoga and meditation classes. However, I still never miss my old hobby of swimming. It is hard to recollect even a single day, barring the weekly off, when I miss a dip in the swimming pool. Apart from this, the weekly off is generally devoted to spending time, strictly with family. The overall credit to my health, however, goes to the one and a half session of yoga classes in the morning.

Hey, do make it a possibility to spend a few days at my residence and attend the wonderful classes of yoga. In the meanwhile, a programme by the ‘Yoga Institute’ is going to be held in your city in the month of November. I have enrolled myself for the same. The programme is for a week wherein the boarding and lodging are taken care of by the Yoga Institutes.

I will certainly try to come and meet you during the week. Let us catch up in the coming November and till then take care and keep in touch.

Yours pal,
Raj

Direction: As if you are John, read the letter and give a suitable response.

6
11 tháng 8 2017

Whatohoohooho

24 tháng 8 2017

gì vậy oho

Dịch:Some theories of the purpose of dreamsFreud believed that we dream so that we can release the deep, secret desires that we are not allowed to express in real life because of the rules of polite society. Most people know about Freudian dream analysis – a dream about a train going into a tunnel is a dream about sexual intercourse. But couldn’t it just be a dream about travelling on a train?Another theory is that dreams allow us to solve problems that we can’t solve in real life. We...
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Dịch:

Some theories of the purpose of dreams

Freud believed that we dream so that we can release the deep, secret desires that we are not allowed to express in real life because of the rules of polite society. Most people know about Freudian dream analysis – a dream about a train going into a tunnel is a dream about sexual intercourse. But couldn’t it just be a dream about travelling on a train?

Another theory is that dreams allow us to solve problems that we can’t solve in real life. We go to sleep with a problem and wake up with the answer. This may be more of a way to ‘use’ our dreams than a ‘purpose’ of dreaming. If you believe that your dreams are important then analysing them may help you to focus your mind on the problem and help you to find the solution.

The modern image is that dreams are the brain’s way of cleaning up the computer’s hard disk, organizing the events of the day into folders and deleting the rubbish that it doesn’t want to keep. But we all know that very little of what we dream every night is concerned with what happened to us that day.

Another idea is that dreams are the brain’s way of practising the behaviour that we need to survive. So we dream about being chased by a monster because one day it might happen! It’s a bit like a pianist practising her scales every day even though she doesn’t need to use them at that moment.

Others believe that dreaming is the brain’s way of exercising the pathways between the brain cells. This may be an important element in why we sleep rather than why we dream. We die if we don’t sleep but we can live without dreaming. Some patients with brain injuries lose the ability to dream but don’t seem to suffer any ill-effects.

REM and dreaming

Scientists used to think that dreaming only happened during Rapid Eye Movement sleep (REM). REM sleep is essential for all mammals. We all become irritable and depressed without it. If we don’t have enough REM one night, we will compensate by having more the next. REM is generated by the brainstem – the oldest and most primitive part of the brain. So scientists used to believe that dreaming was also caused by activity in the brainstem. We now know that dreaming can happen at any time during sleep. The only difference seems to be that it’s easier to remember dreams that happen during REM.

Babies have a lot more REM activity than adults, but research shows that they dream less. The same may be true of animals. We know that they have REM activity but that doesn’t mean they dream.

It also seems that dreaming is a skill that develops as you get older, like language for example. Young children’s dreams are very different from older children’s or adult’s dreams.

New research

Modern technology has allowed scientists to map the parts of the brain that are active when we dream. The primitive brainstem is very active, but so are other important areas at the front of the brain. These are the frontal lobes that control emotion, memory, and experiences that come through the senses like hearing and vision. If these areas are injured, the person stops dreaming. On the other hand, the areas that control rational, logical thought are not active at all. This could explain why dreams are so strange. They have no logical sequence or time, which makes them very difficult to explain to other people when we wake up. Dreams combine recent events with long past events and our emotions while we are dreaming are often very strong.

Psychologists have also done studies on people who kept dream diaries for long periods of time (up to fifty years in some cases) and have found that what we dream is very much connected with how we think and behave when we are awake. So an extrovert, adventurous person will have extrovert, adventurous dreams. A shy person will be a shy person in her dreams. People who are important to us will often be in our dreams and so will things that worry us or make us happy.

So what’s the conclusion?

Well, nobody really knows. But scientists are now suggesting that dreams have absolutely no purpose at all. When we are awake we are ‘thinking’ all the time. Some of this thinking is useful and has a purpose. But we often just ‘think’ about nothing in particular while we’re waiting for the bus or walking to work. And that’s what the brain is doing when we are asleep - just thinking. Sometimes it’s interesting and sometimes it’s boring.

Doing the research for this article has made me more interested in my dreams rather than less. I might even start a dream diary! But nothing that I’ve read explains why I sometimes have an embarrassing dream about finding myself standing completely naked at a bus stop. Fortunately, this has never happened to me in real life, and it isn’t something that I think about when I’m awake. I’m told that it’s an example of a ‘universal dream’ – a dream that is common to people all over the world. Dreaming about flying is another example. So what’s the explanation? We can’t all be ‘just thinking’ about the same thing, can we?

Find the new words and translate it

5
1 tháng 2 2018

Một số lý thuyết về mục đích của những giấc mơ

Freud tin rằng chúng ta mơ ước để chúng ta có thể giải toả những ham muốn sâu, bí mật mà chúng ta không được phép diễn đạt trong cuộc sống thực bởi vì các quy tắc của xã hội lịch sự. Hầu hết mọi người đều biết về phân tích giấc mơ của Freud - giấc mơ về một con tàu đi vào đường hầm là một giấc mơ về quan hệ tình dục. Nhưng liệu đó có phải chỉ là một giấc mơ khi du hành trên tàu?

Một lý thuyết khác là những giấc mơ cho phép chúng ta giải quyết những vấn đề mà chúng ta không thể giải quyết trong cuộc sống thực. Chúng tôi đi ngủ với một vấn đề và thức dậy với câu trả lời. Đây có thể là một cách để "sử dụng" ước mơ của chúng ta hơn là một mục đích "của mơ ước. Nếu bạn tin rằng giấc mơ của bạn là quan trọng thì việc phân tích chúng có thể giúp bạn tập trung suy nghĩ về vấn đề và giúp bạn tìm ra giải pháp.

Hình ảnh hiện đại là giấc mơ là cách để làm sạch ổ cứng của máy tính, tổ chức các sự kiện trong ngày vào các thư mục và xóa các rác mà nó không muốn giữ. Nhưng tất cả chúng ta đều biết rằng rất ít những gì chúng tôi mơ ước mỗi tối liên quan đến những gì đã xảy ra với chúng tôi ngày hôm đó.

Một ý tưởng khác là giấc mơ là cách hành xử của não đối với hành vi mà chúng ta cần phải tồn tại. Vì vậy, chúng tôi mơ ước được bị đuổi bởi một con quái vật bởi vì một ngày nào đó có thể xảy ra! Nó giống như một nghệ sĩ piano thực hành quy mô của cô ấy mỗi ngày mặc dù cô ấy không cần sử dụng chúng vào lúc đó.

Những người khác tin rằng giấc mơ là cách não thực hiện các con đường giữa các tế bào não. Đây có thể là một yếu tố quan trọng tại sao chúng ta ngủ nhiều hơn là tại sao chúng ta mơ ước. Chúng ta chết nếu chúng ta không ngủ nhưng chúng ta có thể sống mà không mơ mộng. Một số bệnh nhân bị thương não mất khả năng mơ ước nhưng dường như không bị ảnh hưởng xấu.

REM và mơ ước

Các nhà khoa học từng nghĩ rằng giấc mơ chỉ xảy ra trong giấc ngủ Mắt nhanh (REM). Giấc ngủ REM là điều cần thiết cho tất cả các động vật có vú. Tất cả chúng ta trở nên cáu kỉnh và chán nản nếu không có nó. Nếu chúng ta không có đủ giấc ngủ đêm REM, chúng tôi sẽ đền bù bằng cách có thêm thời gian tiếp theo. REM được tạo ra bởi bộ não - phần lâu đời nhất và nguyên thủy nhất của bộ não. Vì vậy, các nhà khoa học từng tin rằng giấc mơ cũng là do hoạt động trong não. Bây giờ chúng ta biết rằng giấc mơ có thể xảy ra bất cứ lúc nào trong suốt giấc ngủ. Sự khác biệt duy nhất có thể là dễ nhớ hơn những giấc mơ xảy ra trong REM.

Trẻ sơ sinh có nhiều hoạt động REM hơn người lớn, nhưng nghiên cứu cho thấy họ mơ ước ít hơn. Điều này cũng có thể đúng với động vật. Chúng tôi biết rằng họ có hoạt động REM nhưng điều đó không có nghĩa là họ mơ ước.

Nó cũng có vẻ như là mơ ước là một kỹ năng phát triển khi bạn lớn lên, chẳng hạn như ngôn ngữ ví dụ. Ước mơ của trẻ nhỏ rất khác so với giấc mơ của những đứa trẻ lớn tuổi hơn và người lớn.

Nghiên cứu mới

Công nghệ hiện đại đã cho phép các nhà khoa học lập bản đồ các bộ phận của não hoạt động khi chúng ta mơ ước. Giun sơ khai rất năng động, nhưng cũng là những khu vực quan trọng khác ở phía trước của não. Đây là những thùy trán điều khiển cảm xúc, trí nhớ và kinh nghiệm đi qua các giác quan như nghe và nhìn. Nếu những khu vực này bị thương, người đó ngừng mơ. Mặt khác, các lĩnh vực kiểm soát suy nghĩ hợp lý, hợp lý không hoạt động chút nào. Điều này có thể giải thích tại sao những giấc mơ thật kỳ lạ. Họ không có trình tự hoặc thời gian hợp lý, điều này khiến họ rất khó giải thích cho người khác khi chúng tôi thức dậy. Giấc mơ kết hợp các sự kiện gần đây với những sự kiện trong quá khứ và cảm xúc của chúng ta trong khi chúng ta đang mơ ước thường rất mạnh.

Các nhà tâm lý học cũng đã thực hiện các nghiên cứu về những người giữ nhật ký trong một thời gian dài (đến 50 năm trong một số trường hợp) và nhận thấy rằng những gì chúng ta mơ ước có liên quan rất nhiều đến cách chúng ta suy nghĩ và hành xử khi chúng ta tỉnh táo. Vì vậy, một người hướng ngoại, mạo hiểm sẽ có những giấc mơ hướng ngoại, mạo hiểm. Một người nhút nhát sẽ là một người nhút nhát trong những giấc mơ của mình. Những người quan trọng đối với chúng ta thường có trong giấc mơ của chúng ta và những điều đó sẽ làm chúng ta lo lắng hoặc làm cho chúng ta hạnh phúc.

Vậy kết luận là gì?

Vâng, không ai thực sự biết. Nhưng các nhà khoa học hiện đang cho thấy những giấc mơ hoàn toàn không có mục đích. Khi chúng ta tỉnh dậy chúng ta đang 'suy nghĩ' mọi lúc. Một số suy nghĩ này là hữu ích và có một mục đích. Nhưng chúng ta thường chỉ "nghĩ" về không có gì đặc biệt trong khi chúng ta chờ xe buýt hoặc đi bộ để làm việc. Và đó là những gì mà bộ não đang làm khi chúng ta đang ngủ - chỉ cần suy nghĩ. Đôi khi nó thú vị và đôi khi nó là nhàm chán.

Làm nghiên cứu cho bài viết này đã làm tôi quan tâm nhiều hơn đến ước mơ của tôi chứ không phải là ít hơn. Tôi thậm chí có thể bắt đầu một nhật ký trong giấc mơ! Nhưng không có gì tôi đã đọc giải thích tại sao đôi khi tôi có một giấc mơ xấu hổ vì thấy mình đang đứng khỏa thân hoàn toàn tại bến xe buýt. May mắn thay, điều này đã không bao giờ xảy ra với tôi trong cuộc sống thực, và nó không phải là điều mà tôi nghĩ về khi tôi thức. Tôi được nói rằng đó là một ví dụ về 'giấc mơ phổ quát' - một giấc mơ phổ biến cho mọi người trên thế giới. Giấc mơ bay là một ví dụ khác. Vậy giải thích là gì? Chúng ta không thể chỉ "suy nghĩ" về cùng một điều, phải không?

1 tháng 2 2018

Some theories of the purpose of dreams

Freud believed that we dream so that we can release the deep, secret desires that we are not allowed to express in real life because of the rules of polite society. Most people know about Freudian dream analysis – a dream about a train going into a tunnel is a dream about sexual intercourse. But couldn’t it just be a dream about travelling on a train?

Another theory is that dreams allow us to solve problems that we can’t solve in real life. We go to sleep with a problem and wake up with the answer. This may be more of a way to ‘use’ our dreams than a ‘purpose’ of dreaming. If you believe that your dreams are important then analysing them may help you to focus your mind on the problem and help you to find the solution.

The modern image is that dreams are the brain’s way of cleaning up the computer’s hard disk, organizing the events of the day into folders and deleting the rubbish that it doesn’t want to keep. But we all know that very little of what we dream every night is concerned with what happened to us that day.

Another idea is that dreams are the brain’s way of practising the behaviour that we need to survive. So we dream about being chased by a monster because one day it might happen! It’s a bit a pianist practising her scales every day even though she doesn’t need to use them at that moment.

Others believe that dreaming is the brain’s way of exercising the pathways between the brain cells. This may be an important element in why we sleep rather than why we dream. We die if we don’t sleep but we can live without dreaming. Some patients with brain injuries lose the ability to dream but don’t seem to suffer any ill-effects.

REM and dreaming

Scientists used to think that dreaming only happened during Rapid Eye Movement sleep (REM). REM sleep is essential for all mammals. We all become irritable and depressed without it. If we don’t have enough REM one night, we will compensate by having more the next. REM is generated by the brainstem – the oldest and most primitive part of the brain. So scientists used to believe that dreaming was also caused by activity in the brainstem. We now know that dreaming can happen at any time during sleep. The only difference seems to be that it’s easier to remember dreams that happen during REM.

Babies have a lot more REM activity than adults, but research shows that they dream less. The same may be true of animals. We know that they have REM activity but that doesn’t mean they dream.

It also seems that dreaming is a skill that develops as you get older, language for example. Young children’s dreams are very different from older children’s or adult’s dreams.

New research

Modern technology has allowed scientists to map the parts of the brain that are active when we dream. The primitive brainstem is very active, but so are other important areas at the front of the brain. These are the frontal lobes that control emotion, memory, and experiences that come through the senses hearing and vision. If these areas are injured, the person stops dreaming. On the other hand, the areas that control rational, logical thought are not active at all. This could explain why dreams are so strange. They have no logical sequence or time, which makes them very difficult to explain to other people when we wake up. Dreams combine recent events with long past events and our emotions while we are dreaming are often very strong.

Psychologists have also done studies on people who kept dream diaries for long periods of time (up to fifty years in some cases) and have found that what we dream is very much connected with how we think and behave when we are awake. So an extrovert, adventurous person will have extrovert, adventurous dreams. A shy person will be a shy person in her dreams. People who are important to us will often be in our dreams and so will things that worry us or make us happy.

So what’s the conclusion?

Well, nobody really knows. But scientists are now suggesting that dreams have absolutely no purpose at all. When we are awake we are ‘thinking’ all the time. Some of this thinking is useful and has a purpose. But we often just ‘think’ about nothing in parular while we’re waiting for the bus or walking to work. And that’s what the brain is doing when we are asleep - just thinking. Sometimes it’s interesting and sometimes it’s boring.

Doing the research for this arle has made me more interested in my dreams rather than less. I might even start a dream diary! But nothing that I’ve read explains why I sometimes have an embarrassing dream about finding myself standing completely naked at a bus stop. Fortunately, this has never happened to me in real life, and it isn’t something that I think about when I’m awake. I’m told that it’s an example of a ‘universal dream’ – a dream that is common to people all over the world. Dreaming about flying is another example. So what’s the explanation? We can’t all be ‘just thinking’ about the same thing, can we?

#Read the letter below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only ONE word in each space. Write your answer in the numbered box below. 0 is an example.(10pts)#Dear Ronnie How are you?Thanks for your email last week. It was great to hear from you. I'm pleased that you are enjoying your new school and that you have made(0)……….. new friends. The project you described in your letter sounds (1)_______interesting! I have some ideas that might help you. The title of the project...
Đọc tiếp

#Read the letter below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only ONE word in each space. Write your answer in the numbered box below. 0 is an example.(10pts)#
Dear Ronnie
 How are you?
Thanks for your email last week. It was great to hear from you. I'm pleased that you are enjoying your new school and that you have made(0)……….. new friends. The project you described in your letter sounds (1)_______interesting! I have some ideas that might help you. The title of the project is 'Ways to Mare my School Better' - is that right? Well, first of all, how (2)________ taking about the rules? Are there any rules that the students (3)_____ like to change? Have you spoken(4)_______ your classmates about any of the rules that they don't like? Why don't you suggest some new rules? I've got a second idea for your project too. How about talking about the clubs at the school? You might have some nice ideas about new hobbies for the pupils. Is there a music club (5)__________ a film-making club? Why don't you suggest some new clubs that are interesting for people your age? The third idea I had was about the buildings in the school. Why don't you suggest ways to make the buildings (6)_________ nicer? How about some pictures or photos on the walls inside the school? That (7)________ make the classrooms look good. Do you think the teachers would like that idea? Anyway, I hope (8)________ideas are helpful. I look forward to reading your project. Send it to me (9)_________email when you have finished it. Let me know (10)_________you need any more help.
Bye for now.
John
    

Giúp mk vs nha. Thanks:333

 

3
14 tháng 2 2020

0. Some

1. Very

2. How

3. Would

4. To

5. Or

6. Look

7. Can

8. These

9. By

10. if

14 tháng 2 2020

Trần Thu Hà số (2) là j v bạn