Hãy nhập câu hỏi của bạn vào đây, nếu là tài khoản VIP, bạn sẽ được ưu tiên trả lời.
Nowadays in the news you can read a lot about biotechnology and the controversies about it and perhaps you ask yourself what it is exactly. Well, this article is going to give you a brief history of the field of biotechnology and show you that, although the word “biotechnology” was first used in 1919, we have been using biotechnology for many thousands of years in ways that are completely uncontroversial. It will also look at the more modern developments which have started intense debate. When you are drinking a cold beer on a hot day, or eating a delicious cheese sandwich, you can thank biotechnology for the pleasure you are experiencing. That’s right! Beer, bread and cheese are all produced using biotechnology. Perhaps a definition will be useful to understand how. A standard definition is that biotechnology (or biotech for short) is the application of science and engineering to the direct or indirect use of living organisms. And as you know, the food and drink above are all produced by the fermentation of micro-organisms. In beer, the yeast multiplies as it eats the sugars in the mixture and turns them into alcohol and CO2. This ancient technique was first used in Egypt to make bread and wine around 4000BC! Antibiotics are used to prevent and treat diseases, especially those caused by bacteria. They are natural substances that are created by bacteria and fungi. The first antibiotic was made in China in about 500BC – to cure boils. In 1928 Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin and it was considered a medical miracle. Modern research is looking at the creation of super-antibodies which can kill bacteria and viruses inside the cells that house them. Our modern consumer society produces a lot of waste which needs to be disposed of safely and without harmful end products. Environmental biotechnology can help. Indeed, the use of bacteria to treat sewage was first practiced in 1914 in Manchester, England. Vermiculture or using worms to treat waste is another environmentally-friendly practice and the end product is a natural fertiliser. Bacteria have even been developed to help with problems such as oil spills. They convert crude oil and gasoline into non-toxic substances such as carbon dioxide, water and oxygen and help create a cleaner, healthier environment. These examples of biotechnology are accepted by most people. However, the discovery of the DNA structure by Watson and Crick in 1953 was the beginning of the modern era of genetics and the following areas of biotech are very controversial. Read on… The genetic modification of plants and crops has been in practice for many years. This involves changing the genetic code of these plants so that they are more resistant to bad conditions like drought, floods and frost. Supporters of GM food say that it can offer the consumer better quality, safety and taste and for over a decade Americans have been eating GM food. However, things are very different in Europe where genetically modified food is very strictly regulated and regarded with deep suspicion by the public. GM food has even been called “Frankenfood” in the press, a term inspired by the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. There is a great cultural divide between America and Europe over whether such food is safe to eat and will not harm the environment and the discussion is still in progress. 1997 saw the birth of Dolly the sheep, the first animal cloned from an adult cell. This was a remarkable achievement which created world-wide debate on the ethical issues surrounding cloning. International organisations such as the European parliament, UNESCO and WHO all declared that human cloning is both morally and legally wrong. However, we need to make a distinction between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. Nowadays the idea of reproductive cloning – creating a copy of another person - is no longer interesting for researchers. Instead therapeutic cloning is creating excitement in the biotech world. Key to this technique is stem cells, which are master cells that have the potential to become any other kind of cell in the body e.g. nerve cells, blood, heart muscle or even brain cells. Stem cells themselves have generated a lot of controversy as it was believed that only human embryos could provide them. However, it now appears that adult stem cells offer the same possibility. This would mean that a patient who suffered a heart attack could provide doctors with his adult stem cells which could then be implanted back into his heart and used to create heart muscle, replacing the muscle that was damaged. As the genetic code is identical, there would be no problem of the body rejecting the implant as, unfortunately, happens with organ transplants. In the future, biotechnologists hope that stem cells could be used to grow entire organs. In this way biotechnology offers the hope of revolutionising medical treatment. In this brief overview of the history of biotechnology we have jumped from making bread to making human organs - an enormous leap- and it is clear that these modern practices raise many controversial issues. However, despite the debate, we can imagine that as biotechnology has been around for many years, it will still be around for some time to come - but who knows where it will take us?
Questions:
After reading, choose the best answer for the following questions
1. What is the main topic of the article?
Brief history and modern developments of biotechnology
Benefit of biotechnology
Modern research in biotechnology
2. What does the pronoun "IT" in the first paragraph refer to?
Biotechnology
The article
The word "Biotechnology"
3. Which products were first made with fermentation of micro-organisms?
Beer, bread and cheese
Bread and wine
Beer and cheese
Decide whether the statement below is True or False.
4. Alexander Fleming discovered super-antibodies which can kill bacteria and viruses inside the cells that house them.
TrueFalse
5. GM food is easily available in the U.S. and Europe.
TrueFalse
6.Researchers believe that adult stem cells could be used to create body parts.
TrueFalse
Read the passage below and decide whether the statements are TRUE or FALSE?
Becoming a nurse practitioner requires a master’s degree in nursing and certification. With an aging population, the demand for healthcare is expected to double over the next decade. Physician assistants have climbed up to number 2 in the best jobs in America. They conduct physical exams, prescribe medicine, and treat illnesses. What does a physician assistant make? A physician assistant averages $92,000 per year and job growth is expected to rise a remarkable 39%.
Question 1: Becoming a nurse practitioner requires a master’s degree.
A. True B. False
Question 2: The demand for healthcare is expected to three times over the next decade.
A. True B. False
Question 3: Physician assistants have climbed up to number 3 in the best jobs in America.
A. True B. False
Question 4: A physician assistant averages $92,000 per year
A. True B. False
Question 5: Job growth is expected to rise a remarkable 38%.
A. True B. False
2.Means.
3.Fearly
4.Visions.
5.Indication
6.Conductions.
7.Hold on.
8.Personal.
Xin lỗi vì ko làm hết!
SAU ĐÂY LÀ BÀI LÀM CỦA MÌNH LÀM CHỨ K CÓ NGHĨA LÀ NÓ ĐÚNG NHÁ :<
Giúp mình nhé Word form: Sociological research points to the theory that certain ways of positioning pr moving the body have a direct ( CORRELATE ) ....correlation............ with how one is perceived. People emit an aura of strength or power dependent on posture, gestures and eye movement. Quick, enthusias, (MEAN)...meaningful.............movements and gestures suggest a dynamic, alert person. People who look at, and maintain eye contact with their audience while conversing with them exude confidence and (FEAR).....fearlessness............ Somebody who is relaxed enough to stand before his audience without any (VISION)....visual...........signs of stress exudes self-assuredness and honesty. Even though these people are comfortable in their stance, they hold themselves erect and avoid looking round-shouldered or hunched over. Being lazy with one’s posture could be (INDICATE).......indicator..........of defeat, while standing tall and proud paints a picture of one who is in charge. Being conscious of one’s posture and gestures when sitting is also (CONDUCT)........conducive.........to creating the right impression on the (HOLD)........holder......... When one wishes to appear self-assured and knowledgeable in an important (PERSON)....personnal...........situation where sitting is required, a high, straight-backed chair should be chosen when possible. Placing and clasping the hands behind the head, with elbows stretched to the sides, adds to the impression of comfortable (ASSERT)....assertion........... It also keeps the hands under control and out of danger of (WANT).......unwanting........fidgeting.
*Ryeo*
Read the passage below and decide whether the statements are TRUE or FALSE?
Autonomous weapons are artificial intelligence systems that are programmed to kill. In the hands of the wrong person, these weapons could easily cause mass casualties. Moreover, an AI arms race could inadvertently lead to an AI war that also results in mass casualties. To avoid being thwarted by the enemy, these weapons would be designed to be extremely difficult to simply “turn off,” so humans could plausibly lose control of such a situation. This risk is one that’s present even with narrow AI, but grows as levels of AI intelligence and autonomy increase.
Question 1: Autonomous weapons are natural intelligence systems that are programmed to kill
A. True B. False
Question 2: An AI arms race could inadvertently lead to an AI war
A. True B. False
Question 3: These weapons would be designed to be extremely complicated
A. True B. False
Question 4: An AI arm also causes in minor casualties.
A. True B. False
Question 5: This risk is one that’s present even with narrow AI, but grows as levels of AI intelligence.
A. True B. False
Question 1: Autonomous weapons are natural intelligence systems that are programmed to kill
A. True B. False
Question 2: An AI arms race could inadvertently lead to an AI war
A. True B. False
Question 3: These weapons would be designed to be extremely complicated
A. True B. False
Question 4: An AI arm also causes in minor casualties.
A. True B. False
Question 5: This risk is one that’s present even with narrow AI, but grows as levels of AI intelligence.
A. True B. False