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Ta có: \(\dfrac{1}{9}=\left(\dfrac{1}{3}\right)^2=\dfrac{1}{3.3}< \dfrac{1}{2.3}\)
\(\dfrac{1}{16}=\left(\dfrac{1}{4}\right)^2=\dfrac{1}{4.4}< \dfrac{1}{3.4}\)
................
\(\dfrac{1}{\left(2n+1\right)^2}< \dfrac{1}{2n\left(2n+1\right)}\)
⇒\(\dfrac{1}{9}+\dfrac{1}{16}+......+\dfrac{1}{\left(2n+1\right)^2}\)< \(\dfrac{1}{2.3}+\dfrac{1}{3.4}+.....+\dfrac{1}{2n.\left(2n+1\right)}\)
= \(\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{4}+.....+\dfrac{1}{2n}-\dfrac{1}{2n+1}\)
= \(\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{2n+1}\)
= \(\dfrac{2n+1-2}{2n+1}\)
= \(\dfrac{2n-1}{2n+1}\)= \(1-\dfrac{2}{2n+1}\)
Ta có: n ≥ 1⇒ 2n+1 ≥ 3
⇒ \(1-\dfrac{2}{2n+1}\) ≤ \(\dfrac{1}{3}\)
hình như đề sai thì phải
\(\dfrac{1}{2}.\dfrac{2}{3}.\dfrac{3}{4}......\dfrac{2n-1}{2n}=\dfrac{1.2.3.....\left(2n-1\right)}{2.3.4.....2n}=\dfrac{1}{2n}\)
Khi đó ta có điều cần chứng minh:
\(\dfrac{1}{2n}\le\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{3n+1}}\left(n>\dfrac{1}{3}\right)\)
Hay
\(\dfrac{\sqrt{3n+1}}{2n\left(\sqrt{3n+1}\right)}\le\dfrac{2n}{2n\left(\sqrt{3n+1}\right)}\)
Hay \(\sqrt{3n+1}\le2n\)(luôn đúng)
\(\dfrac{1}{\left(3n-1\right)\left(3n+2\right)}=\dfrac{1}{3}\left(\dfrac{1}{3n-1}-\dfrac{1}{3n+2}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow A=\dfrac{1}{3}\left(\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{5}+\dfrac{1}{5}-\dfrac{1}{8}+...+\dfrac{1}{3n-1}-\dfrac{1}{3n+2}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow A=\dfrac{1}{3}\left(\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3n+2}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow A=\dfrac{3n}{6\left(3n+2\right)}=\dfrac{n}{6n+4}\)
\(\dfrac{1}{\left(2n-1\right)\left(2n+1\right)\left(2n+3\right)}=\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{\left(2n-1\right)\left(2n+1\right)}-\dfrac{1}{\left(2n+1\right)\left(2n+3\right)}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow B=\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{1.3}-\dfrac{1}{3.5}+\dfrac{1}{3.5}-\dfrac{1}{3.7}+...+\dfrac{1}{\left(2n-1\right)\left(2n+1\right)}-\dfrac{1}{\left(2n+1\right)\left(2n+3\right)}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow B=\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{1.3}-\dfrac{1}{\left(2n+1\right)\left(2n+3\right)}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow B=\dfrac{n\left(n+2\right)}{3\left(2n+1\right)\left(2n+3\right)}\)
\(\sqrt{1+\dfrac{1}{n^2}+\dfrac{1}{\left(n+1\right)^2}}=\sqrt{\dfrac{n^2\left(n+1\right)^2+\left(n+1\right)^2+n^2}{n^2\left(n+1\right)^2}}\)
\(=\sqrt{\dfrac{n^2\left(n+1\right)^2+2n^2+2n+1}{n^2\left(n+1\right)^2}}=\sqrt{\dfrac{n^2\left(n+1\right)^2+2n\left(n+1\right)+1}{n^2\left(n+1\right)^2}}\)
\(=\sqrt{\dfrac{\left[n\left(n+1\right)+1\right]^2}{n^2\left(n+1\right)^2}}=\dfrac{n\left(n+1\right)+1}{n\left(n+1\right)}=1+\dfrac{1}{n\left(n+1\right)}=1+\dfrac{1}{n}-\dfrac{1}{n+1}\)
\(\Rightarrow C=1+\dfrac{1}{1}-\dfrac{1}{2}+1+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+1+\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{4}+...+1+\dfrac{1}{2018}-\dfrac{1}{2019}\)
\(\Rightarrow C=2019-\dfrac{1}{2019}\)
Lời giải:
Sử dụng quy nạp:
Với \(n=1\Rightarrow \frac{1}{2}< \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\) (đúng)
Với \(n=2\Rightarrow \frac{1.3}{2.4}< \frac{1}{\sqrt{5}}\) (đúng)
.............
Giả sử bài toán đúng với \(n=k\), tức là :
\(\frac{1.3.5...(2k-1)}{2.4.6...2k}< \frac{1}{\sqrt{2k+1}}\) (*)
Ta cần chỉ ra nó cũng đúng với \(n=k+1\) hay :
\(\frac{1.3.5....(2k-1)(2k+1)}{2.4.6....(2k)(2k+2)}< \frac{1}{\sqrt{2k+3}}\). Thật vậy, theo (*) ta có:
\(\frac{1.3.5....(2k-1)(2k+1)}{2.4.6....(2k)(2k+2)}< \frac{1}{\sqrt{2k+1}}.\frac{2k+1}{2k+2}=\frac{\sqrt{2k+1}}{2k+2}\) (1)
Xét \(\frac{\sqrt{2k+1}}{2k+2}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2k+3}}=\frac{\sqrt{(2k+1)(2k+3)}-(2k+2)}{(2k+2)\sqrt{2k+3}}\) \(=\frac{-1}{[\sqrt{(2k+1)(2k+3)}+(2k+2)](2k+2)\sqrt{2k+3}}<0\)
Suy ra \(\frac{\sqrt{2k+1}}{2k+2}< \frac{1}{\sqrt{2k+3}}(2)\)
Từ \((1);(2)\Rightarrow \frac{1.3.5....(2k-1)(2k+1)}{2.4.6....(2k)(2k+2)}< \frac{1}{\sqrt{2k+3}}\)
Vậy bài toán đúng với \(n=k+1\), phép quy nạp hoàn thành.
Do đó ta có đpcm.
a)√x−1=2(x≥1)
\(x-1=4
\)
x=5
b)
\(\sqrt{3-x}=4\) (x≤3)
\(\left(\sqrt{3-x}\right)^2=4^2\)
x-3=16
x=19
a: Ta có: \(\sqrt{x-1}=2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x-1=4\)
hay x=5
b: Ta có: \(\sqrt{3-x}=4\)
\(\Leftrightarrow3-x=16\)
hay x=-13
c: Ta có: \(2\cdot\sqrt{3-2x}=\dfrac{1}{2}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{3-2x}=\dfrac{1}{4}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow-2x+3=\dfrac{1}{16}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow-2x=-\dfrac{47}{16}\)
hay \(x=\dfrac{47}{32}\)
d: Ta có: \(4-\sqrt{x-1}=\dfrac{1}{2}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x-1}=\dfrac{7}{2}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x-1=\dfrac{49}{4}\)
hay \(x=\dfrac{53}{4}\)
e: Ta có: \(\sqrt{x-1}-3=1\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x-1}=4\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x-1=16\)
hay x=17
f:Ta có: \(\dfrac{1}{2}-2\cdot\sqrt{x+2}=\dfrac{1}{4}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2\cdot\sqrt{x+2}=\dfrac{1}{4}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x+2}=\dfrac{1}{8}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x+2=\dfrac{1}{64}\)
hay \(x=-\dfrac{127}{64}\)
\(A_n=\dfrac{\sqrt{2n-1}}{\left(2n+1\right)\left(2n-1\right)}=\dfrac{\sqrt{2n-1}}{2}\left(\dfrac{1}{2n-1}-\dfrac{1}{2n+1}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{\sqrt{2n-1}}{2}\left(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2n-1}}-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2n+1}}\right)\left(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2n-1}}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2n+1}}\right)\)
\(< \dfrac{\sqrt{2n-1}}{2}\left(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2n-1}}-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2n+1}}\right)\left(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2n-1}}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2n-1}}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2n-1}}-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2n+1}}\)
\(\Rightarrow A_1+A_2+...+A_n< 1-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{3}}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{3}}-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{5}}+...+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2n-1}}-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2n+1}}=1-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2n+1}}< 1\)