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Cjo 3 số dương a,b,c . CMR
\(\dfrac{a^2}{b+c}+\dfrac{b^2}{a+c}+\dfrac{c^2}{a+b}\ge\dfrac{a+b+c}{2}\)
Do a,b,c dương
Để làm bài này bạn cần chứng minh BĐT sau\(\dfrac{x^2}{m}+\dfrac{y^2}{n}\ge\dfrac{\left(x+y\right)^2}{m+n}\)(m;n>0)
<=>(m+n)(nx2+my2)-mn(x+y)2\(\ge\)0
Mình làm tắt,rút gọn luôn
<=>n2x2-2mnxy+m2y2\(\ge\)0
<=>(nx-my)2\(\ge\)0
=>BĐT trên được chứng minh và dấu bằng xảy ra khi nx=my
Mở rộng cho 3 số \(\dfrac{x^2}{m}+\dfrac{y^2}{n}+\dfrac{z^2}{p}\ge\dfrac{\left(x+y+z\right)^2}{m+n+p}\)
Áp dụng BĐT trên ta được:
\(\dfrac{a^2}{b+c}+\dfrac{b^2}{a+c}+\dfrac{c^2}{a+b}\ge\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{2\left(a+b+c\right)}=\dfrac{a+b+c}{2}\)
Dấu = xảy ra khi a=b=c
Đặt vế trái BĐT cần chứng minh là P
Ta có:
\(P=\dfrac{a^2}{b+c}+\dfrac{b^2}{c+a}+\dfrac{c^2}{a+b}\ge\dfrac{a^2}{\sqrt{2\left(b^2+c^2\right)}}+\dfrac{b^2}{\sqrt{2\left(a^2+c^2\right)}}+\dfrac{c^2}{\sqrt{2\left(a^2+b^2\right)}}\)
Đặt \(\left(\sqrt{b^2+c^2};\sqrt{c^2+a^2};\sqrt{a^2+b^2}\right)=\left(x;y;z\right)\Rightarrow x+y+z=\sqrt{2011}\)
Đồng thời: \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}y^2+z^2-x^2=2a^2\\z^2+x^2-y^2=2b^2\\x^2+y^2-z^2=2c^2\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a^2=\dfrac{y^2+z^2-x^2}{2}\\b^2=\dfrac{z^2+x^2-y^2}{2}\\c^2=\dfrac{x^2+y^2-z^2}{2}\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow P\ge\dfrac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}\left(\dfrac{y^2+z^2-x^2}{x}+\dfrac{z^2+x^2-y^2}{y}+\dfrac{x^2+y^2-z^2}{z}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow P\ge\dfrac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}\left(\dfrac{y^2+z^2}{x}+\dfrac{z^2+x^2}{y}+\dfrac{x^2+y^2}{z}-\left(x+y+z\right)\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow P\ge\dfrac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}\left(\dfrac{\left(y+z\right)^2}{2x}+\dfrac{\left(z+x\right)^2}{2y}+\dfrac{\left(x+y\right)^2}{2z}-\left(x+y+z\right)\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow P\ge\dfrac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}\left(\dfrac{\left(y+z+z+x+x+y\right)^2}{2x+2y+2z}-\left(x+y+z\right)\right)=\dfrac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}\left(x+y+z\right)=\dfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{\dfrac{2011}{2}}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=\dfrac{1}{3}\sqrt{\dfrac{2011}{2}}\)
A = \(\dfrac{a}{b+c}+\dfrac{b}{c+a}+\dfrac{c}{a+b}\)
A = \(\dfrac{a^2}{a\left(b+c\right)}+\dfrac{b^2}{b\left(a+c\right)}+\dfrac{c^2}{c\left(a+b\right)}\)
Áp dụng BĐT Cô - Si dạng Engel vào bài toán , ta có :
\(\dfrac{a^2}{a\left(b+c\right)}+\dfrac{b^2}{b\left(a+c\right)}+\dfrac{c^2}{c\left(a+b\right)}\) ≥ \(\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{2\left(ab+bc+ac\right)}\) ( * )
Ta lại có BĐT : x2 + y2 + z2 ≥ xy + yz + zx
⇒ a2 + b2 + c2 ≥ ab + bc + ac
⇔ ( a + b + c)2 ≥ 3( ab + bc + ac)
⇔ \(\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{ab+bc+ac}\) ≥ 3 ( **)
Từ ( *;**) ⇒ \(\dfrac{a^2}{a\left(b+c\right)}+\dfrac{b^2}{b\left(a+c\right)}+\dfrac{c^2}{c\left(a+b\right)}\) ≥ \(\dfrac{3}{2}\)
⇒ \(\dfrac{a}{b+c}+\dfrac{b}{c+a}+\dfrac{c}{a+b}\) ≥ \(\dfrac{3}{2}\)
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Ta có: \(\dfrac{a^2}{b^2}+1\ge2\sqrt{\dfrac{a^2}{b^2}}=\dfrac{2a}{b}\)
Tương tự: \(\dfrac{b^2}{c^2}+1\ge\dfrac{2b}{c}\) ; \(\dfrac{c^2}{a^2}+1\ge\dfrac{2c}{a}\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{a^2}{b^2}+\dfrac{b^2}{c^2}+\dfrac{c^2}{a^2}+3\ge\dfrac{2a}{b}+\dfrac{2b}{c}+\dfrac{2c}{a}\) (1)
Mà \(\dfrac{a}{b}+\dfrac{b}{c}+\dfrac{c}{a}\ge3\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{abc}{abc}}=3\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{2a}{b}+\dfrac{2b}{c}+\dfrac{2c}{a}\ge\dfrac{a}{b}+\dfrac{b}{c}+\dfrac{c}{a}+3\) (2)
(1);(2) \(\Rightarrow\dfrac{a^2}{b^2}+\dfrac{b^2}{c^2}+\dfrac{c^2}{a^2}+3\ge\dfrac{a}{b}+\dfrac{b}{c}+\dfrac{c}{a}+3\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{a^2}{b^2}+\dfrac{b^2}{c^2}+\dfrac{c^2}{a^2}\ge\dfrac{a}{b}+\dfrac{b}{c}+\dfrac{c}{a}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c\)
Bài 1:
Vì $a,b,c$ là 3 cạnh tam giác nên \(b+c-a; c+a-b; a+b-c>0\)
Áp dụng BĐT AM-GM cho các số dương:
\(\frac{a^2}{b+c-a}+(b+c-a)\geq 2\sqrt{a^2}=2a\)
\(\frac{b^2}{a+c-b}+(a+c-b)\geq 2\sqrt{b^2}=2b\)
\(\frac{c^2}{a+b-c}+(a+b-c)\geq 2\sqrt{c^2}=2c\)
Cộng theo vế và rút gọn:
\(\Rightarrow \frac{a^2}{b+c-a}+\frac{b^2}{c+a-b}+\frac{c^2}{a+b-c}+a+b+c\geq 2(a+b+c)\)
\(\Rightarrow \frac{a^2}{b+c-a}+\frac{b^2}{c+a-b}+\frac{c^2}{a+b-c}\geq a+b+c\) (đpcm)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi $a=b=c$
Bài 2:
Áp dụng BĐT AM-GM cho các số dương ta có:
\(ab+\frac{a}{b}\geq 2\sqrt{ab.\frac{a}{b}}=2a\)
\(ab+\frac{b}{a}\geq 2\sqrt{ab.\frac{b}{a}}=2b\)
\(\frac{a}{b}+\frac{b}{a}\geq 2\sqrt{\frac{a}{b}.\frac{b}{a}}=2\)
Cộng theo vế và rút gọn:
\(\Rightarrow 2(ab+\frac{a}{b}+\frac{b}{a})\geq 2(a+b+1)\)
\(\Rightarrow ab+\frac{a}{b}+\frac{b}{a}\geq a+b+1\)
Ta có đpcm
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi $a=b=1$
Xét hiệu VT - VP
\(\dfrac{a+b}{bc+a^2}+\dfrac{b+c}{ab+b^2}+\dfrac{c+a}{ab+c^2}-\dfrac{1}{a}-\dfrac{1}{b}-\dfrac{1}{c}=\dfrac{a^2+ab-bc-a^2}{a\left(bc+a^2\right)}+\dfrac{b^2+bc-ac-b^2}{b\left(ac+b^2\right)}+\dfrac{c^2+ac-ab-c^2}{c\left(ab+c^2\right)}=\dfrac{b\left(a-c\right)}{a\left(bc+a^2\right)}+\dfrac{c\left(b-a\right)}{b\left(ac+b^2\right)}+\dfrac{a\left(c-b\right)}{c\left(ab+c^2\right)}\)
Do a,b,c bình đẳng nên giả sử a\(\ge\)b\(\ge\)c, khi đó \(b\left(a-c\right)\)\(\ge\)0, c(b-a)\(\le\)0, a(c-b)\(\le\)0
\(a^3\ge b^3\ge c^3=>abc+a^3\ge abc+b^3\ge abc+c^3\)=>\(\dfrac{b\left(a-c\right)}{a\left(bc+a^2\right)}\le\dfrac{b\left(a-c\right)}{b\left(ac+b^2\right)}\)
=> VT -VP \(\le\) \(\dfrac{b\left(a-c\right)}{a\left(bc+a^2\right)}+\dfrac{c\left(b-a\right)}{b\left(ac+b^2\right)}+\dfrac{a\left(c-b\right)}{c\left(ab+c^2\right)}=\dfrac{ab-ac}{b\left(ac+b^2\right)}+\dfrac{ac-ab}{c\left(ab+c^2\right)}=\dfrac{a\left(b-c\right)}{b\left(ac+b^2\right)}-\dfrac{a\left(b-c\right)}{c\left(ab+c^2\right)}\)
mà \(\dfrac{1}{b\left(ac+b^2\right)}\le\dfrac{1}{c\left(ab+c^2\right)}\) nên VT-VP <0 đpcm
Áp dụng BĐT Cauchy-Schwarz dạng Engel ta có:
\(VT=\dfrac{a^2}{a+b}+\dfrac{b^2}{b+c}+\dfrac{c^2}{c+d}+\dfrac{d^2}{a+d}\)
\(\ge\dfrac{\left(a+b+c+d\right)^2}{a+b+b+c+c+d+d+a}\)
\(=\dfrac{\left(a+b+c+d\right)^2}{2\left(a+b+c+d\right)}=\dfrac{a+b+c+d}{2}=\dfrac{1}{2}=VP\)
Đẳng thức xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=d=\dfrac{1}{4}\)
Có thể giả thiết \(a\ge b\ge c\). Khi đó : \(\dfrac{a}{b+c}+\dfrac{b}{c+a}+\dfrac{c}{a+b}\ge\dfrac{3}{2}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{a}{b+c}-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{b}{c+a}-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{c}{a+b}-\dfrac{1}{2}\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{a-b+a-c}{b+c}+\dfrac{b-c+b-a}{c+a}+\dfrac{c-a+c-b}{a+b}\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)\left(\dfrac{1}{b+c}-\dfrac{1}{c+a}\right)+\left(b-c\right)\left(\dfrac{1}{c+a}-\dfrac{1}{a+b}\right)+\left(c-a\right)\left(\dfrac{1}{a+b}-\dfrac{1}{b+c}\right)\ge0\)
BĐT thức sau cùng đúng với giả thiết ban đầu .
Ta có bài toán phụ: (a+b+c)(\(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\))>=9
Từ đó suy ra: (a+b+b+c+c+a)(\(\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{b+c}+\dfrac{1}{c+a}\))>=9
=>(2a+2b+2c)(\(\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{b+c}+\dfrac{1}{c+a}\))>=9
=>\(\left(\dfrac{2a}{a+b}+\dfrac{2b}{a+b}+\dfrac{2c}{a+b}\right)+\left(\dfrac{2b}{b+c}+\dfrac{2a}{b+c}+\dfrac{2c}{b+c}\right)\)+\(\left(\dfrac{2a}{c+a}+\dfrac{2b}{c+a}+\dfrac{2c}{c+a}\right)\)>=9
=>\(\dfrac{2.\left(a+b\right)}{a+b}+\dfrac{2c}{a+b}+\dfrac{2\left(b+c\right)}{b+c}+\dfrac{2a}{b+c}+\dfrac{2\left(c+a\right)}{c+a}+\dfrac{2b}{c+a}\)>=9
=>\(\dfrac{2c}{a+b}+\dfrac{2a}{b+c}+\dfrac{2b}{a+c}\)+2+2+2>=9
=>\(\dfrac{2c}{a+b}+\dfrac{2a}{b+c}+\dfrac{2b}{a+c}\)>=3
=>2\(\left(\dfrac{c}{a+b}+\dfrac{a}{b+c}+\dfrac{b}{c+a}\right)\)>=3
=>\(\dfrac{a}{b+c}+\dfrac{b}{c+a}+\dfrac{c}{a+b}\)>=\(\dfrac{3}{2}\)
=>đpcm