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\(a,27x^3-54x^2y+36xy^2-8y^3\)
\(=\left(3x\right)^3-3.\left(3x\right)^2.2y+3.3x.\left(2y\right)^2-\left(2y\right)^3\)
\(=\left(3x-2y\right)^3\)
\(b,x^3-1+5x^2-5+3x-3\)
\(=\left(x-1\right)\left(x^2+x+1\right)+5\left(x^2-1\right)+3\left(x-1\right)\)
\(=\left(x-1\right)\left(x^2+x+1\right)+5\left(x-1\right)\left(x+1\right)+3\left(x-1\right)\)
\(=\left(x-1\right)\left[x^2+x+1+5\left(x+1\right)+3\right]\)
\(=\left(x-1\right)\left(x^2+6x+9\right)\)
\(=\left(x-1\right)\left(x+3\right)^2\)
\(c,a^5+a^4+a^3+a^2+a+1\)
\(=a^4\left(a+1\right)+a^2\left(a+1\right)+\left(a+1\right)\)
\(=\left(a+1\right)\left(a^4+a^2+1\right)\)
\(27x^3-54x^2y+36xy^2-8y^3\)
\(=\left(3x\right)^3-3\cdot\left(3x\right)^2\cdot2y+3\cdot3x\cdot\left(2y\right)^2-\left(2y\right)^3\)
\(=\left(3x-2y\right)^3\)
______________________
\(x^3-1+5x^2-5+3x-3\)
\(=\left(x^3-1\right)+\left(5x^2-5\right)+\left(3x-3\right)\)
\(=\left(x-1\right)\left(x^2+x+1\right)+5\left(x^2-1\right)+3\left(x-1\right)\)
\(=\left(x-1\right)\left(x^2+x+1\right)+5\left(x+1\right)\left(x-1\right)+3\left(x-1\right)\)
\(=\left(x-1\right)\left(x^2+x+1+5x+5+3\right)\)
\(=\left(x-1\right)\left(x^2+6x+9\right)\)
\(=\left(x-1\right)\left(x+3\right)^2\)
________________
\(a^5+a^4+a^3+a^2+a+1\)
\(=a^4\left(a+1\right)+a^2\left(a+1\right)+\left(a+1\right)\)
\(=\left(a+1\right)\left(a^4+a^2+1\right)\)
\(=\left(a+1\right)\left(a^2-a+1\right)\left(a^2+a+1\right)\)
Theo nguyên lý Dirichlet, trong 3 số a;b;c luôn có 2 số cùng phía so với 0, không mất tính tổng quát, giả sử đó là a và b
\(\Rightarrow ab\ge0\)
Mặt khác do \(c\le1\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}1-c^2\ge0\\1-c\ge0\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow2ab\left(1-c\right)+1-c^2\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2ab+1\ge2abc+c^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2b^2+2ab+1\ge a^2b^2+2abc+c^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(ab+c\right)^2\le\left(1+ab\right)^2\le\left(1+a^2\right)\left(1+b^2\right)\) (1)
Từ giả thiết:
\(a^2+b^2+c^2\le1+2abc\Leftrightarrow a^2b^2-2abc+c^2\le1-a^2-b^2+a^2b^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(ab-c\right)^2\le\left(1-a^2\right)\left(1-b^2\right)\) (2)
Nhân vế với vế (1) và (2):
\(\left(ab+c\right)^2\left(ab-c\right)^2\le\left(1+a^2\right)\left(1+b^2\right)\left(1-a^2\right)\left(1-b^2\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow1+2a^2b^2c^2\ge a^4+b^4+c^4\) (đpcm)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi 1 số bằng 1 và 2 số bằng nhau
Ta có :
\(1+a+a^2+....+a^{63}\)
\(=\left(1+a\right)+a^2\left(1+a\right)+....+a^{62}\left(1+a\right)\)
\(=\left(1+a\right)\left(1+a^2+a^4+....+a^{62}\right)\)
\(=\left(1+a\right)\left[\left(1+a^2\right)+a^4\left(1+a^2\right)+.....+a^{60}\left(1+a^2\right)\right]\)
\(=\left(1+a\right)\left(1+a^2\right)\left(1+a^4+....+a^{60}\right)\)
.....
\(=\left(1+a\right)\left(1+a^2\right).....\left(1+a^{32}\right)\)