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Vì \(n\in Z^+\)nên\(n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)>n^3\Rightarrow\sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}>n\)
\(\Rightarrow\sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)+\sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}+...+\sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}}>n\)(1)
Lại có:\(n^2+2n+1>n^2+2n\Rightarrow\left(n+1\right)^2>n\left(n+2\right)\Rightarrow\left(n+1\right)^3>n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow n+1>\sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}\\ \Rightarrow\sqrt[3]{n^3+3n^2+3n+1}>\sqrt[3]{n^3+3n^2+2n}\)
\(\Rightarrow\sqrt[3]{n^3+3n^2+2n+n+1}>\sqrt[3]{n^3+3n^2+2n+\sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}}\)
\(\Rightarrow\sqrt[3]{\left(n+1\right)^3}>\sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)+\sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}}\)
Tương tự \(\Rightarrow n+1>\sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)+\sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}+...+\sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}}\)(2)
Từ (1) và (2) suy ra:
\(n< \sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)+\sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}+...+\sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}}< n+1\)
\(n\in Z^+\)nên n2 < n2 + 2n < n2 + 2n + 1 <=> n2 < n(n + 2) < (n + 1)2 => n3 < n(n + 1)(n + 2) < (n + 1)3
=>\(n< \sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}< n+1\)
=>\(n< \sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}< \sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)+n}\)\(< \sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)+\sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}}< \sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)+n+1}\)\(=\sqrt[3]{\left(n+1\right)\left(n^2+2n+1\right)}=\sqrt[3]{\left(n+1\right)\left(n+1\right)^2}=n+1\)
=>\(n< \sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)+n}\)
\(< \sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)+\sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)+\sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}}}< n+1\)
Tiếp tục như vậy,ta có đpcm.
Ta có: \(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}=\dfrac{\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)\left(\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}\right)}{\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}}\)
\(=\dfrac{n+1-n}{\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}}=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}}< \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n}}=\dfrac{1}{2\sqrt{n}}\)
\(\Rightarrow2\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)< \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}}\left(1\right)\)
Ta lại có: \(\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n-1}=\dfrac{\left(\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n-1}\right)\left(\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n-1}\right)}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n-1}}\)
\(=\dfrac{n-n+1}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n-1}}=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n-1}}>\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n}}=\dfrac{1}{2\sqrt{n}}\)
\(\Rightarrow2\left(\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n-1}\right)>\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}}\left(2\right)\)
\(\left(1\right),\left(2\right)\Rightarrow2\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)< \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}}< 2\left(\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n-1}\right)\)
\(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}}=\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n}}>\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n+1}}=\dfrac{2\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)}{\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)\left(\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}\right)}=2\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)\left(1\right)\)
\(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}}=\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n}}< \dfrac{2}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n-1}}=\dfrac{2\left(\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n-1}\right)}{\left(\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n-1}\right)\left(\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n-1}\right)}=2\left(\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n-1}\right)\left(2\right)\)
\(\left(1\right)\left(2\right)\RightarrowĐpcm\)
Xét dạng tổng quát có: \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}\left(n+1\right)+n\sqrt{n}}=\frac{1}{\left(\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n+1}\right)\left[n-\sqrt{n\left(n+1\right)}+n+1\right]}\)
\(=\frac{\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)\left(\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}\right)}{\left(\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n+1}\right)\left[n-\sqrt{n\left(n+1\right)}+n+1\right]}=\frac{\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}}{n+\left(n+1\right)-\sqrt{n\left(n+1\right)}}\)
\(< \frac{\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}}{2\sqrt{n\left(n+1\right)}-\sqrt{n\left(n+1\right)}}=\frac{\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}}{\sqrt{n\left(n+1\right)}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\)
Áp dụng vào bài toán ta có:
\(\frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}+1\sqrt{1}}< 1-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\)
\(\frac{1}{3\sqrt{3}+2\sqrt{2}}< \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\)
.....
\(\frac{1}{\left(n+1\right)\sqrt{n+1}+n\sqrt{n}}< \frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\)
Cộng vế theo vế =>\(VT< 1-\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\left(ĐPCM\right)\)
Câu 1:
\(\sqrt{x-a}+\sqrt{y-b}+\sqrt{z-c}=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(x+y+z\right)\\ \Leftrightarrow2\sqrt{x-a}+2\sqrt{y-b}+2\sqrt{z-c}=x+y+z\\ \Leftrightarrow x+y+z-2\sqrt{x-a}-2\sqrt{y-b}-2\sqrt{z-c}=0\\ \Leftrightarrow x+y+z-2\sqrt{x-a}-2\sqrt{y-b}-2\sqrt{z-c}+3-a-b-c=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left[\left(x-a\right)-2\sqrt{x-a}+1\right]+\left[\left(y-b\right)-2\sqrt{y-b}+1\right]+\left[\left(z-c\right)-2\sqrt{z-c}+1\right]=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left(\sqrt{x-a}-1\right)^2+\left(\sqrt{y-b}-1\right)^2+\left(\sqrt{z-c}-1\right)^2=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\sqrt{x-a}-1=0\\\sqrt{y-b}-1=0\\\sqrt{z-c}-1=0\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\sqrt{x-a}=1\\\sqrt{y-b}=1\\\sqrt{z-c}=1\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x-a=1\\y-b=1\\z-c=1\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=a+1\\y=b+1\\z=c+1\end{matrix}\right.\)Vậy \(\left\{x;y;z\right\}=\left\{a+1;b+1;c+1\right\}\)
Câu 2:
\(\text{ a) Ta có }:\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}}=\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n}}< \dfrac{2}{\sqrt{n-1}+\sqrt{n}}=\dfrac{2\left(\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n-1}\right)}{\left(\sqrt{n-1}+\sqrt{n}\right)\left(\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n-1}\right)}\\ =\dfrac{2\left(\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n-1}\right)}{n-n+1}=2\left(\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n-1}\right)\left(1\right)\)
\(\text{Lại có: }\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}}=\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n}}>\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}}=\dfrac{2\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)}{\left(\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}\right)\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)}\\ =\dfrac{2\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)}{n+1-n}=2\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)\left(2\right)\)
Từ \(\left(1\right)\) và \(\left(2\right)\Rightarrow2\left(\sqrt{n+1}-n\right)< \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}}< 2\left(\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n-1}\right)\)
b) Áp dụng bất đảng thức ở câu a:
\(\Rightarrow S=1+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{3}}+...+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{100}}\\ >2\left(\sqrt{101}-\sqrt{100}\right)+...+\left(\sqrt{4}-\sqrt{3}\right)+\left(\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{2}\right)+\left(\sqrt{2}-\sqrt{1}\right)\\ =2\left(\sqrt{101}-\sqrt{100}+...+\sqrt{4}-\sqrt{3}+\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{2}-\sqrt{1}\right)\\ =2\left(\sqrt{101}-\sqrt{1}\right)>2\left(\sqrt{100}-1\right)=2\left(10-1\right)=18\left(3\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow S=1+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{3}}+...+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{100}}< 2\left(\sqrt{100}-\sqrt{99}\right)+...+\left(\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{2}\right)+\left(\sqrt{2}-\sqrt{1}\right)+\left(\sqrt{1}-\sqrt{0}\right)\\ =2\left(\sqrt{100}-\sqrt{99}+...+\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{2}-\sqrt{1}+\sqrt{1}\right)\\ =2\cdot\sqrt{100}=2\cdot10=20\left(4\right)\)
Từ \(\left(3\right)\) và \(\left(4\right)\Rightarrow18< S< 20\)
Đặt biểu thức trên là A.
Ta có: \(\left(\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}\right)\)).(\(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\))=1
=>\(\frac{1}{\left(\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}\right)}=\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)\)
Từ trên: \(\frac{1}{\left(2n+1\right).\left(\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}\right)}=\frac{\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)}{2n+1}=\frac{\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}}{n+1+n}\)
Lại có :\(\frac{\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}}{\left(n+1\right)+n}< \frac{1}{2}.\frac{\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}}{\left(n+1\right).n}=\frac{1}{2}.\left(\frac{1}{n}-\frac{1}{n+1}\right)\)(Bất đẳng thức Cô-si)
Thế số vào, ta được :
A<\(\frac{1}{2}.\left(\frac{1}{1}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}+...-\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\right)\)=\(\frac{1}{2}.\left(1-\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\right)< \frac{1}{2}\)
Ta có :
\(\sqrt{\left(n+1\right)^2}+\sqrt{n^2}=\left|n+1\right|+\left|n\right|=\frac{\left[\left|n+1\right|+\left|n\right|\right]\left[\left|n+1\right|-\left|n\right|\right]}{\left|n+1\right|-\left|n\right|}\)
\(=\frac{\left|n+1\right|^2-\left|n\right|^2}{\left|n+1\right|-\left|n\right|}=\frac{\left(n+1\right)^2-n^2}{\left(n+1\right)-n}=\left(n+1\right)^2-n^2\)(đpcm)