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Lời giải:
a)
$a+b+c=0\Leftrightarrow (a+b+c)^2=0$
$\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2+2(ab+bc+ac)=0$
$\Rightarrow ab+bc+ac=-\frac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{2}\leq 0$
Mà $a^2\geq 0$
Do đó: $a^2(ab+bc+ac)\leq 0$
$\Leftrightarrow a^3b+a^2bc+a^3c\leq 0$ (đpcm)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi $a=0$
b)
Từ ĐKĐB \(\Rightarrow \left\{\begin{matrix} a+b=(3c+3)\\ 4ab=9c^2\end{matrix}\right.\)
Ta biết rằng $(a+b)^2=(a-b)^2+4ab\geq 4ab$
$\Leftrightarrow (3c+3)^2\geq 9c^2$
$\Leftrightarrow (c+1)^2\geq c^2$
$\Leftrightarrow 2c+1\geq 0\Leftrightarrow c\geq \frac{-1}{2}$ (đpcm)
Vậy.......
1. biến đổi vế trái
= a2x2 + a2y2 + b2x2 + b2y2
= (ax -by)2 + (bx+ ay)2 - 2abxy + 2abxy
= (ax -by)2 + ( bx + ay)2 = vế phải( dpcm)
e)
\(\dfrac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{3}\ge\left(\dfrac{a+b+c}{3}\right)^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow3\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)\ge a^2+b^2+c^2+2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)\ge2\left(ab+bc+ac\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2a^2+2b^2+2c^2-2ab-2ac-2bc\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a^2-2ab+b^2\right)+\left(a^2-2ac+c^2\right)+\left(b^2-2bc+c^2\right)\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(a-c\right)^2+\left(b-c\right)^2\ge0\) ( luôn đúng)
=> ĐPCM
Áp dụng BĐT Cauchy-Schwarz ta có:
\(\left(1^2+1^2+1^2\right)\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)\ge\left(a+b+c\right)^2=9^2\)
\(\Rightarrow3\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)\ge9\Rightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2\ge3\)
Lại có: \(a^2+b^2+c^2\ge ab+bc+ac\forall a,b,c\)
\(\Rightarrow3\ge ab+bc+ac\Rightarrow ab+bc+ac\le3\)
Bất đẳng thức ban đầu tương đương với:
\(\dfrac{a^2}{a\left(b^2+1\right)}+\dfrac{b^2}{b\left(c^2+1\right)}+\dfrac{c^2}{c\left(a^2+1\right)}\ge\dfrac{3}{2}\)
Áp dụng BĐT Cauchy-Schwarz dạng Engel ta có:
\(\dfrac{a^2}{a\left(b^2+1\right)}+\dfrac{b^2}{b\left(c^2+1\right)}+\dfrac{c^2}{c\left(a^2+1\right)}\ge\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{a\left(b^2+1\right)+b\left(c^2+1\right)+c\left(a^2+1\right)}\)
Áp dụng BĐT AM-GM ta có:
\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a\left(b^2+1\right)\ge a\cdot2\sqrt{b^2}=2ba\\b\left(c^2+1\right)\ge b\cdot2\sqrt{c^2}=2cb\\c\left(a^2+1\right)\ge c\cdot2\sqrt{a^2}=2ac\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{a^2}{a\left(b^2+1\right)}+\dfrac{b^2}{b\left(c^2+1\right)}+\dfrac{c^2}{c\left(a^2+1\right)}\ge\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)}\)
Mà \(ab+bc+ca\le3\)\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)}\ge\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{2\cdot3}=\dfrac{9}{6}=\dfrac{3}{2}\)
Đẳng thức xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=1\)
\(VT=\dfrac{a}{b^2+1}+\dfrac{b}{c^2+1}+\dfrac{c}{a^2+1}\)
\(VT=a-\dfrac{ab^2}{b^2+1}+b-\dfrac{bc^2}{c^2+1}+c-\dfrac{ca^2}{a^2+1}\)
\(VT=3-\left(\dfrac{ab^2}{b^2+1}+\dfrac{bc^2}{c^2+1}+\dfrac{ca^2}{a^2+1}\right)\)
Áp dụng bất đẳng thức Cauchy - Schwarz
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}b^2+1\ge2\sqrt{b^2}=2b\\c^2+1\ge2\sqrt{c^2}=2c\\a^2+1\ge2\sqrt{a^2}=2a\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{ab^2}{b^2+1}\le\dfrac{ab^2}{2b}=\dfrac{ab}{2}\\\dfrac{bc^2}{c^2+1}\le\dfrac{bc^2}{2c}=\dfrac{bc}{2}\\\dfrac{ca^2}{a^2+1}\le\dfrac{ca^2}{2a}=\dfrac{ca}{2}\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{ab^2}{b^2+1}+\dfrac{bc^2}{c^2+1}+\dfrac{ca^2}{a^2+1}\le\dfrac{ab+bc+ca}{2}\)
\(\Rightarrow3-\left(\dfrac{ab^2}{b^2+1}+\dfrac{bc^2}{c^2+1}+\dfrac{ca^2}{a^2+1}\right)\ge3-\dfrac{ab+bc+ca}{2}\) (1)
Theo hệ quả của bất đẳng thức Cauchy
\(\Rightarrow\left(a+b+c\right)^2\ge3\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow3\ge ab+bc+ca\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{3}{2}\ge\dfrac{ab+bc+ca}{2}\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{3}{2}\le3-\dfrac{ab+bc+ca}{2}\)(2)
Từ (1) và (2)
\(\Rightarrow3-\left(\dfrac{ab^2}{b^2+1}+\dfrac{bc^2}{c^2+1}+\dfrac{ca^2}{a^2+1}\right)\ge\dfrac{3}{2}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{a}{b^2+1}+\dfrac{b}{c^2+1}+\dfrac{c}{a^2+1}\ge\dfrac{3}{2}\) ( đpcm )
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=1\)
Ta có: abc = 1, thế vào ta được:
\(\frac{abc}{a^3\left(b+c\right)}+\frac{abc}{b^3\left(c+a\right)}+\frac{abc}{c^3\left(a+b\right)}\)
\(=\frac{bc}{a^2\left(b+c\right)}+\frac{ca}{b^2\left(c+a\right)}+\frac{ab}{c^2\left(a+b\right)}\)
\(=\frac{b^2c^2}{a^2bc\left(b+c\right)}+\frac{c^2a^2}{b^2ac\left(c+a\right)}+\frac{a^2b^2}{c^2ab\left(a+b\right)}\)
Áp dụng BĐT Cauchy - Schwarz dạng Engel, ta có:
\(VT\ge\frac{\left(bc+ca+ac\right)^2}{abc\left(2ab+2bc+2ca\right)}=\frac{\left(bc+ca+ac\right)^2}{2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)}=\frac{ab+bc+ca}{2}\ge\frac{\sqrt[3]{a^2b^2c^2}}{2}=\frac{3}{2}\)
\("="\Leftrightarrow a=b=c=1\)
câu 2
a^4 + b^4 + c^4 + d^4 = 4abcd
<=> \(a^4-2a^2b^2+b^4+c^4-2c^2d^2+d^4+2a^2b^2-4abcd+2b^2d^2=0\)
<=> \(\left(a^2-b^2\right)^2+\left(c^2-d^2\right)^2+2\left(ab-cd\right)^2=0\)
<=> \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a^2=b^2\\c^2=d^2\\ab=cd\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow a=b=c=d\)
Đặt \(a+b-c=x;b+c-a=y;c+a-b=z\)
\(\Rightarrow x+y+z=a+b-c+b+c-a+c+a-b\)
\(=a+b+c\)
Thay \(x;y;z;x+y+z\) vào M, ta được:
\(M=\left(x+y+z\right)^3-x^3-y^3-z^3\)
\(=\left(x+y\right)^3+z^3+3\left(x+y\right)^2z+3\left(x+y\right)z^2-x^3-y^3-z^3\)
\(=x^3+y^3+z^3-x^3-y^3-z^3+3xy\left(x+y\right)+3z\left(x+y\right)\left(x+y+z\right)\)\(=3\left(x+y\right)\left[xy+z\left(x+y+z\right)\right]\)
\(=3\left(x+y\right)\left(xy+xz+zy+z^2\right)\)
\(=3\left(x+y\right)\left[x\left(y+z\right)+z\left(y+z\right)\right]\)
\(=3\left(x+y\right)\left(y+z\right)\left(x+z\right)\)
\(=3\left(a+b-c+b+c-a\right)\left(b+c-a+c+a-b\right)\left(a+b-c+c+a-b\right)\)
\(=3.2b.2c.2a=24abc\)
Vì \(24abc⋮24\forall a,b,c\) nên \(M⋮24\)
Vậy...