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S1= 1.2.3
S2= 2.3.4
S3=3.4.5
...........
Sn = n(n+1)(n+2)
S= S1+S2+S3+...+Sn
Chứng minh 4S + 1 là 1 số chính phương
\(S=1\cdot2\cdot3+2\cdot3\cdot4+3\cdot4\cdot5+...+k\left(k+1\right)\left(k+2\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow4S=1\cdot2\cdot3\cdot4+2\cdot3\cdot4\cdot4+3\cdot4\cdot5\cdot4+...+k\left(k+1\right)\left(k+2\right)\cdot4\)
\(=1\cdot2\cdot3\left(4-0\right)+2\cdot3\cdot4\left(5-1\right)+3\cdot4\cdot5\left(6-2\right)+.....+k\left(k+1\right)\left(k+2\right)\left[\left(k+3\right)-\left(k-1\right)\right]\)\(=1\cdot2\cdot3\cdot4-0\cdot1\cdot2\cdot3+2\cdot3\cdot4\cdot5-1\cdot2\cdot3\cdot4+....+k\left(k+1\right)\left(k+2\right)\left(k+3\right)-\left(k-1\right)k\left(k+1\right)\left(k+2\right)\)\(=k\left(k+1\right)\left(k+2\right)\left(k+3\right)\)
Ta cần chứng minh:\(k\left(k+1\right)\left(k+2\right)\left(k+3\right)+1\) là số chính phương.
Thật vậy:\(k\left(k+1\right)\left(k+2\right)\left(k+3\right)+1=\left[k\left(k+3\right)\right]\left[\left(k+1\right)\left(k+2\right)\right]+1\)
\(=\left(k^2+3k\right)\left(k^2+3k+2\right)+1\left(1\right)\)
Đặt \(k^2+3k=t\) thì (1) sẽ trở thành:
\(t\left(t+2\right)+1=t^2+2t+1=\left(t+1\right)^2=\left(k^2+3k+1\right)^2\)
Vì \(k\in N\)nên \(\left(k^2+3k+1\right)^2\) là số chính phương hay \(4S+1\) là số chính phương.
Nhận xét:
\(\frac{1}{1.2.3}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{1.2}-\frac{1}{2.3}\right)\)
\(\frac{1}{2.3.4}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{2.3}-\frac{1}{3.4}\right)\)
.......
\(\frac{1}{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{n\left(n+1\right)}-\frac{1}{\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}\right)\)
Suy ra \(B=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{1.2}-\frac{1}{2.3}+\frac{1}{2.3}-\frac{1}{3.4}+...+\frac{1}{n\left(n+1\right)}-\frac{1}{\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}\right)\)
\(=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{1.2}-\frac{1}{\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}\right)=\frac{1}{4}-\frac{1}{2\left(n+1\right)\left(m+2\right)}\)??chắc hết phân tích được rồi:V
Với \(k\in N;k>0\) Ta có :
\(\frac{1}{k\left(k+1\right)\left(k+2\right)}=\frac{1}{2}.\frac{\left(k+2\right)-k}{k\left(k+1\right)\left(k+2\right)}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{k\left(k+1\right)}-\frac{1}{\left(k+1\right)\left(k+2\right)}\right)\)
Áp dụng ta có :
\(\frac{1}{1.2.3}+\frac{1}{2.3.4}+\frac{1}{3.4.5}+.....+\frac{1}{\left(n-1\right)n\left(n+1\right)}\)
\(=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{1.2}-\frac{1}{2.3}+\frac{1}{2.3}-\frac{1}{3.4}+...+\frac{1}{\left(n-1\right)n}-\frac{1}{n\left(n+1\right)}\right)\)
\(=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{1.2}-\frac{1}{n\left(n+1\right)}\right)=\frac{1}{2}.\frac{n\left(n+1\right)-2}{2n\left(n+1\right)}=\frac{\left(n-1\right)\left(n+2\right)}{4n\left(n+1\right)}\)(đpcm)
Ta có :
\(\frac{1}{1.2.3}+\frac{1}{2.3.4}+\frac{1}{3.4.5}+...+\frac{1}{\left(n-1\right)n\left(n+1\right)}=\frac{\left(n-1\right)\left(n+2\right)}{4n\left(n+1\right)}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\)\(\frac{2}{1.2.3}+\frac{2}{2.3.4}+\frac{2}{3.4.5}+...+\frac{2}{\left(n-1\right)n\left(n+1\right)}=\frac{2\left(n-1\right)\left(n+2\right)}{4n\left(n+1\right)}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\)\(\frac{1}{1.2}-\frac{1}{2.3}+\frac{1}{2.3}-\frac{1}{3.4}+\frac{1}{3.4}-\frac{1}{4.5}+...+\frac{1}{\left(n-1\right)n}-\frac{1}{n\left(n+1\right)}=\frac{n\left(n-1\right)+2\left(n-1\right)}{2n\left(n+1\right)}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\)\(\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{n\left(n+1\right)}=\frac{n^2-n+2n-2}{2n^2+2n}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\)\(\frac{n\left(n+1\right)}{2n\left(n+1\right)}-\frac{2}{2n\left(n+1\right)}=\frac{n^2+n-2}{2n^2+2n}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\)\(\frac{n^2+n-2}{2n^2+2n}=\frac{n^2+n-2}{2n^2+2n}\) với \(n\ge2\)
Vậy ...
vì bài dài quá nên mình làm từng bài 1 nhé
1. Ta thấy : \(\frac{1}{n^3}< \frac{1}{n^3-n}=\frac{1}{\left(n-1\right)n\left(n+1\right)}=\frac{1}{2}.\frac{\left(n+1\right)-\left(n-1\right)}{\left(n-1\right)n\left(n+1\right)}=\frac{1}{2}.\left[\frac{1}{\left(n-1\right)n}-\frac{1}{n\left(n+1\right)}\right]\)
Do đó :
\(B< \frac{1}{2}.\left[\frac{1}{2.3}-\frac{1}{3.4}+\frac{1}{3.4}-\frac{1}{4.5}+...+\frac{1}{\left(n-1\right)n}-\frac{1}{n\left(n+1\right)}\right]< \frac{1}{2}.\frac{1}{6}=\frac{1}{12}\)
2.
Nhận xét : \(1+\frac{1}{n\left(n+2\right)}=\frac{\left(n+1\right)^2}{n\left(n+2\right)}\)
Do đó :
\(A=\frac{2^2}{1.3}.\frac{3^2}{2.4}.\frac{4^2}{3.5}...\frac{\left(n+1\right)^2}{n\left(n+2\right)}=\frac{2.3...\left(n+1\right)}{1.2...n}.\frac{2.3...\left(n+1\right)}{3.4...\left(n+2\right)}=\frac{n+1}{1}.\frac{2}{n+2}< 2\)
Đặt \(A=\frac{1}{1.2.3}+\frac{1}{2.3.4}+....+\frac{1}{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}\)
\(\Rightarrow2A=\frac{2}{1.2.3}+\frac{2}{2.3.4}+....+\frac{2}{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}\)
\(=\frac{1}{1.2}-\frac{1}{2.3}+\frac{1}{2.3}-\frac{1}{3.4}+...+\frac{1}{n\left(n+1\right)}-\frac{1}{\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}\)
\(=\frac{1}{1.2}-\frac{1}{\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}\)
\(=\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}\)
\(=\frac{\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)-2}{2\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}\)
\(\Rightarrow A=\frac{\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)-2}{4\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}\)
TK nha!!
Ta có: \(\hept{\begin{cases}4k\equiv-1\left(modp\right)\\4k-1\equiv-2\left(modp\right)\end{cases}}\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(4k\right)!\equiv\left[\left(2k\right)!\right]^2\left(modp\right)\)
Theo định lý Wilson kết hợp với định lý Fecma nhỏ ta có:
Với \(n=4k\left(2k\right)!\) thì:
\(2^n-1\left[2^{\left(2k\right)!}\right]^{4k}-1\equiv0\left(modp\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow n^2+2^n=\left[4k.\left(2k\right)!\right]^2+2^{4k\left(2k\right)!}\equiv0\left(modp\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow\) Có vô số giá trị của \(n\) thỏa mãn.
a) \(\frac{\left(n+1\right)!}{n!\left(n+2\right)}=\frac{n!\left(n+1\right)}{n!\left(n+2\right)}=\frac{n+1}{n+2}\)
b)\(\frac{n!}{\left(n+1\right)!-n!}=\frac{n!}{n!\left(n+1\right)-n!}=\frac{n!}{n!\left(n+1-1\right)}=\frac{1}{n}\)
c)\(\frac{\left(n+1\right)!-\left(n+2\right)!}{\left(n+1\right)!+\left(n+2\right)!}=\frac{n!\left(n+1\right)-n!\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}{n!\left(n+1\right)+n!\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}=\frac{n!\left(n+1\right)\left(1-n-2\right)}{n!\left(n+1\right)\left(1+n+2\right)}=\frac{-n-1}{n+3}\)
( Kí hiệu n!=1.2.3.4...n)
Ta có: \(E=1.2.3+2.3.4+.....+n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow4E=1.2.3.4+2.3.4.\left(5-1\right)+......+n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)\left[\left(n+3\right)-\left(n-1\right)\right]\)
\(\Rightarrow4E=1.2.3.4+2.3.4.5-1.2.3.4+....+\) \(n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)\left(n+3\right)-\left(n-1\right)n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow4E=n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)\left(n+3\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow4E=n\left(n+3\right)\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)=\left(n^2+3n\right)\left(n^2+3n+2\right)\)
Đặt n2 + 3n +1 = y
\(\Rightarrow4E+1=\left(y-1\right)\left(y+1\right)+1=y^2-1+1=y^2\)
\(\Rightarrow4E+1=\left(n^2+3n+1\right)^2\)
Vì n tự nhiên => n2 + 3n + 1 tự nhiên => 4E + 1 là số chính phương
=> đpcm.