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a) Ta có:
\(q.{S_n} = q.\left( {{u_1} + {u_2} + ... + {u_n}} \right) = {u_1}.q + {u_2}.q + ... + {u_n}.q = \left( {{u_2} + {u_3} + ... + {u_n}} \right) + q.{u_n}\)
b) Ta có:
\({u_1} + q.{S_n} = {u_1} + \left( {{u_2} + {u_3} + ... + {u_n}} \right) + q.{u_n} = \left( {{u_1} + {u_2} + {u_3} + ... + {u_n}} \right) + q.{u_n} = {S_n} + {u_1}.{q^n}\)
a) Ta có:
\({S_n}.q = \left( {{u_1} + {u_1}q + {u_1}{q^2} + ... + {u_1}{q^{n - 1}}} \right).q = {u_1}\left( {1 + q + {q^2} + ... + {q^{n - 1}}} \right).q = {u_1}\left( {q + {q^2} + {q^3} + ... + {q^n}} \right)\)
\(\begin{array}{l}{S_n} - {S_n}.q = {u_1} + {u_1}q + {u_1}{q^2} + ... + {u_1}{q^{n - 1}} - {u_1}\left( {q + {q^2} + {q^3} + ... + {q^n}} \right)\\ = {u_1}\left( {1 + q + {q^2} + ... + {q^{n - 1}}} \right) - {u_1}\left( {q + {q^2} + {q^3} + ... + {q^n}} \right)\\ = {u_1}\left( {1 + q + {q^2} + ... + {q^{n - 1}} - \left( {q + {q^2} + {q^3} + ... + {q^n}} \right)} \right)\\ = {u_1}\left( {1 - {q^n}} \right)\end{array}\)
b) Ta có: \({S_n} - {S_n}.q = {u_1}\left( {1 - {q^n}} \right) \Leftrightarrow {S_n}\left( {1 - q} \right) = {u_1}\left( {1 - {q^n}} \right) \Leftrightarrow {S_n} = \frac{{{u_1}\left( {1 - {q^n}} \right)}}{{\left( {1 - q} \right)}}\)
a) \({u_2} = {u_1} + d\)
\({u_3} = {u_1} + 2d\)
…
\({u_{n - 1}} = {u_1} + \left( {n - 2} \right)d\)
\({u_n} = {u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d\)
\({S_n} = {u_1} + {u_1} + 2d + \ldots + {u_1} + \left( {n - 2} \right)d + {u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d\)
b) \({S_n} = {u_n} + {u_{n - 1}} + \ldots + {u_2} + {u_1} = {u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d + {u_1} + \left( {n - 2} \right)d + \ldots + {u_1} + d + {u_1}\)
c) \(2{S_n} = \left( {{u_1} + {u_1} + d + \ldots + {u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d} \right) + \left( {{u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d + {u_1} + \left( {n - 2} \right)d + \ldots + {u_1}} \right)\).
\( \Rightarrow 2{S_n} = n.\left( {2{u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d} \right)\)
\( \Rightarrow {S_n} = \frac{n}{2}\left( {2{u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d} \right)\)
\(a,u_1+u_n=u_1+\left[u_1+\left(n-1\right)d\right]=u_1+u_1+\left(n-1\right)d=2u_1+\left(n-1\right)d\\ u_2+u_{n-1}=\left[u_1+d\right]+\left[u_1+\left(n-2\right)d\right]=2u_1+\left(n-1\right)d\\ ...\\ u_k+u_{n-k+1}=\left[u_1+\left(k-1\right)d\right]+\left[u_1+\left(n-k+1-1\right)d\right]=2u_1+\left(n-1\right)d\)
\(b,u_1+u_n=2u_1+\left(n-1\right)d\\ u_2+u_{n-1}=2u_1+\left(n-1\right)d\\ ...\\ u_n+u_1=2u_1+\left(n-1\right)d\)
Cộng vế với vế, ta được:
\(2\left(u_1+u_2+...+u_n\right)=n\left[2u_1+\left(n-1\right)d\right]\\ \Leftrightarrow2\left(u_1+u_2+...+u_n\right)=n\left(u_1+u_n\right)\)
a) \(\left| q \right| = \left| {\frac{1}{2}} \right| < 1\)
b) \(\begin{array}{l}{S_n} = {u_1} + {u_2} + ... + {u_n} = {u_1}.\frac{{1 - {q^n}}}{{1 - q}} = 1.\frac{{1 - {{\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)}^n}}}{{1 - \frac{1}{2}}} = 2 - 2.{\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)^n}\\ \Rightarrow \lim {S_n} = \lim \left[ {2 - 2.{{\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)}^n}} \right] = \lim 2 - 2\lim {\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)^n} = 2\end{array}\)
\(Bài.1:\\ u_7=u_1+6d\\ \Leftrightarrow-10=2+6d\\ \Rightarrow6d=-10-2=-12\\ Vậy:d=\dfrac{-12}{6}=-2\\ Bài.2:S_{10}=10.u_1+\dfrac{10.\left(10-1\right)}{2}.d=10.1+\dfrac{10.9}{2}.2=100\\ Bài.3:S_{2019}=2019.u_1+\dfrac{2019.\left(2019-1\right)}{2}.d\\ =2019.3+\dfrac{2019.2018}{2}.2=2019.2021=4080399\)
Bài 4:
\(d=u_2=u_1=5-2=3\)
Bài 5:
\(u_n=u_1+\left(n-1\right)d\\ \Leftrightarrow2018=2+\left(n-1\right).9\\ \Leftrightarrow2+9n-9=2018\\ \Leftrightarrow9n=2018-2+9\\ \Leftrightarrow9n=2025\\ \Leftrightarrow n=\dfrac{2025}{9}=225\)
Vậy: 2018 là số hạng thứ 225 của dãy
Bài 6:
Đề chưa có yêu cầu
a) \({u_2} = {u_1}.q\)
\({u_3} = {u_1}.{q^2}\)
…
\({u_{n - 1}} = {u_1}.{q^{n - 2}}\)
\({u_n} = {u_1}.{q^{n - 1}}\)
\({S_n} = {u_1} + {u_1}q + \ldots + {u_1}{q^{n - 2}} + {u_1}{q^{n - 1}}\)
b) \(q{S_n} = q{u_1} + {u_1}{q^2} + \ldots + {u_1}{q^{n - 1}} + {u_1}{q^n}\)
c) \({S_n} - q{S_n} = \left( {{u_1} + {u_1}q + \ldots + {u_1}{q^{n - 2}} + {u_1}{q^{n - 1}}} \right) - (q{u_1} + {u_1}{q^2} + \ldots + {u_1}{q^{n - 1}} + {u_1}{q^n})\).
\(\begin{array}{l} \Leftrightarrow \left( {1 - q} \right){S_n} = {u_1} - {u_1}{q^n} = {u_1}\left( {1 - {q^n}} \right)\\ \Rightarrow {S_n} = \frac{{{u_1}\left( {1 - {q^n}} \right)}}{{1 - q}}\end{array}\)
a) Ta có: \({u_2} = {u_1} + d\)
\({u_3} = {u_2} + d = {u_1} + 2d\)
\({u_4} = {u_3} + d = {u_1} + 3d\)
\({u_5} = {u_4} + d = {u_1} + 4d\)
b) Công thức tính số hạng tổng quát \({u_n}\):
\({u_n} = {u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d\).
a) Ta có:
\(\left. \begin{array}{l}{u_1} + {u_n} = {u_1} + {u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d = 2{u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d\\{u_2} + {u_{n - 1}} = {u_1} + d + \left( {n - 2} \right)d = {u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d\\{u_n} + {u_1} = {u_1} + {u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d = 2{u_1} + \left( {n - 1} \right)d\end{array} \right\} \Rightarrow {u_1} + {u_n} = {u_2} + {u_{n - 1}} = ... = {u_n} + {u_1}\)
b) Dựa vào công thức vừa chứng minh ta có: \(n\left( {{u_1} + {u_n}} \right)\) = \(2{S_n}\)