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2a)
Áp dụng bất đẳng thức \(\dfrac{1}{a+b}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}\right)\forall a,b>0\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{1}{2a+b+c}=\dfrac{1}{a+b+a+c}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{a+c}\right)\\\dfrac{1}{a+2b+c}=\dfrac{1}{a+b+b+c}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{b+c}\right)\\\dfrac{1}{a+b+2c}=\dfrac{1}{a+c+b+c}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a+c}+\dfrac{1}{b+c}\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow VT\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{a+c}\right)+\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{b+c}+\dfrac{1}{a+b}\right)+\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a+c}+\dfrac{1}{b+c}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow VT\le\dfrac{1}{4\left(a+b\right)}+\dfrac{1}{4\left(a+c\right)}+\dfrac{1}{4\left(b+c\right)}+\dfrac{1}{4\left(a+b\right)}+\dfrac{1}{4\left(a+c\right)}+\dfrac{1}{4\left(b+c\right)}\)
\(\Rightarrow VT\le\dfrac{1}{2\left(a+b\right)}+\dfrac{1}{2\left(b+c\right)}+\dfrac{1}{2\left(c+a\right)}\)
Chứng minh rằng \(\dfrac{1}{2\left(a+b\right)}+\dfrac{1}{2\left(b+c\right)}+\dfrac{1}{2\left(c+a\right)}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{b+c}+\dfrac{1}{c+a}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\)
Áp dụng bất đẳng thức \(\dfrac{1}{a+b}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}\right)\forall a,b>0\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{1}{a+b}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}\right)\\\dfrac{1}{b+c}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\\\dfrac{1}{c+a}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{c}+\dfrac{1}{a}\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{b+c}+\dfrac{1}{c+a}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{2}{a}+\dfrac{2}{b}+\dfrac{2}{c}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{b+c}+\dfrac{1}{c+a}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\) ( đpcm )
Vì \(\dfrac{1}{2\left(a+b\right)}+\dfrac{1}{2\left(b+c\right)}+\dfrac{1}{2\left(c+a\right)}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\)
Mà \(VT\le\dfrac{1}{2\left(a+b\right)}+\dfrac{1}{2\left(b+c\right)}+\dfrac{1}{2\left(c+a\right)}\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{2a+b+c}+\dfrac{1}{a+2b+c}+\dfrac{1}{a+b+2c}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\)( đpcm )
Dấu " = " xảy ra khi \(a=b=c\)
2b)
Áp dụng bất đẳng thức Cauchy - Schwarz
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}1+a^2\ge2\sqrt{a^2}=2a\\1+b^2\ge2\sqrt{b^2}=2b\\1+c^2\ge2\sqrt{c^2}=2c\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{a}{1+a^2}\le\dfrac{a}{2a}=\dfrac{1}{2}\\\dfrac{b}{1+b^2}\le\dfrac{b}{2b}=\dfrac{1}{2}\\\dfrac{c}{1+c^2}\le\dfrac{c}{2c}=\dfrac{1}{2}\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{a}{1+a^2}+\dfrac{b}{1+b^2}+\dfrac{c}{1+c^2}\le\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}=\dfrac{3}{2}\) ( đpcm )
Dấu " = " xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=1\)
Bài 1)
Nháp : nhìn nhanh ta thấy nên áp dụng BĐT \(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}\ge\dfrac{4}{x+y}\)
Giải
Vì x,y > 0 =) 2x + y > 0 , x + 2y > 0
Áp dụng BĐT cauchy dạng phân thức cho hai bộ số không âm \(\dfrac{1}{2x+y}\)và\(\dfrac{1}{x+2y}\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{x+2y}+\dfrac{1}{2x+y}\ge\dfrac{4}{x+2y+2x+y}=\dfrac{4}{3\left(x+y\right)}\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(3x+3y\right)\left(\dfrac{1}{2x+y}+\dfrac{1}{x+2y}\right)\ge\left(3x+3y\right).\dfrac{4}{3\left(x+y\right)}=4\)
Dấu '' = "xảy ra khi và chỉ khi x + 2y = y + 2x (=) x=y
\(\dfrac{1}{a+1}+\dfrac{1}{b+1}\ge\dfrac{\left(1+1\right)^2}{a+b+2}=\dfrac{4}{3}\)
Áp dụng BĐT Svac
\(\dfrac{1}{a+1}+\dfrac{1}{b+1}\ge\dfrac{\left(1+1\right)^2}{a+1+b+1}=\dfrac{4}{3}\)
a)Svac-so:
\(\dfrac{a^2}{b+c}+\dfrac{b^2}{c+a}+\dfrac{c^2}{a+b}\ge\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{b+c+c+a+a+b}=\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{2\left(a+b+c\right)}=\dfrac{a+b+c}{2\left(đpcm\right)}\)
b)\(\dfrac{1}{a^2+1}+\dfrac{1}{b^2+1}\ge\dfrac{2}{ab+1}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{1}{a^2+1}-\dfrac{1}{ab+1}+\dfrac{1}{b^2+1}-\dfrac{1}{ab+1}\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{ab+1-a^2-1}{\left(a^2+1\right)\left(ab+1\right)}+\dfrac{ab+1-b^2-1}{\left(b^2+1\right)\left(ab+1\right)}\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{a\left(b-a\right)}{\left(a^2+1\right)\left(ab+1\right)}+\dfrac{b\left(a-b\right)}{\left(b^2+1\right)\left(ab+1\right)}\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)\left(\dfrac{b}{\left(b^2+1\right)\left(ab+1\right)}-\dfrac{a}{\left(a^2+1\right)\left(ab+1\right)}\right)\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)\left(\dfrac{b\left(a^2+1\right)-a\left(b^2+1\right)}{\left(a^2+1\right)\left(b^2+1\right)\left(ab+1\right)}\right)\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)\left(\dfrac{a^2b+b-ab^2-a}{\left(a^2+1\right)\left(b^2+1\right)\left(ab+1\right)}\right)\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)\left(\dfrac{ab\left(a-b\right)-\left(a-b\right)}{\left(a^2+1\right)\left(b^2+1\right)\left(ab+1\right)}\right)\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)^2\cdot\dfrac{ab-1}{\left(a^2+1\right)\left(b^2+1\right)\left(ab+1\right)}\ge0\)(luôn đúng)
\(VT=a-\dfrac{ab^2}{b^2+1}+b-\dfrac{bc^2}{c^2+1}+c-\dfrac{ca^2}{a^2+1}\)
\(VT=3-\left(\dfrac{ab^2}{b^2+1}+\dfrac{bc^2}{c^2+1}+\dfrac{ca^2}{a^2+1}\right)\)
Áp dụng bất đẳng thức Cauchy - Schwarz
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}b^2+1\ge2\sqrt{b^2}=2b\\c^2+1\ge2\sqrt{c^2}=2c\\a^2+1\ge2\sqrt{a^2}=2a\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{ab^2}{b^2+1}\le\dfrac{ab^2}{2b}=\dfrac{ab}{2}\\\dfrac{bc^2}{c^2+1}\le\dfrac{bc^2}{2c}=\dfrac{bc}{2}\\\dfrac{ca^2}{a^2+1}\le\dfrac{ca^2}{2a}=\dfrac{ca}{2}\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{ab^2}{b^2+1}+\dfrac{bc^2}{c^2+1}+\dfrac{ca^2}{a^2+1}\le\dfrac{ab+bc+ca}{2}\)
\(\Rightarrow3-\left(\dfrac{ab^2}{b^2+1}+\dfrac{bc^2}{c^2+1}+\dfrac{ca^2}{a^2+1}\right)\ge3-\dfrac{ab+bc+ca}{2}\) ( 1 )
Theo hệ quả của bất đẳng thức Cauchy - Schwarz
\(\Rightarrow\left(a+b+c\right)^2\ge3\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow3\ge ab+bc+ca\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{3}{2}\ge\dfrac{ab+bc+ca}{2}\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{3}{2}\le3-\dfrac{ab+bc+ca}{2}\) ( 2 )
Từ (1) và (2)
\(\Rightarrow3-\left(\dfrac{ab^2}{b^2+1}+\dfrac{bc^2}{c^2+1}+\dfrac{ca^2}{a^2+1}\right)\ge\dfrac{3}{2}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{a}{b^2+1}+\dfrac{b}{c^2+1}+\dfrac{c}{a^2+1}\ge\dfrac{3}{2}\) ( đpcm )
Dấu " = " xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=1\)
Chứng minh rằng nếu a,b,c \(\ge\)0 và abc=1 thì
\(\dfrac{1}{2+a}+\dfrac{1}{2+b}+\dfrac{1}{2+c}\le1\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{\left(a+2\right)\left(b+2\right)+\left(b+2\right)\left(c+2\right)+\left(c+2\right)\left(a+2\right)}{\left(a+2\right)\left(b+2\right)\left(c+2\right)}\le1\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{ab+bc+ca+4\left(a+b+c\right)+12}{abc+2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)+4\left(a+b+c\right)+8}\le1\)
\(\Leftrightarrow ab+bc+ca+12\le2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)+9\)
\(\Leftrightarrow ab+bc+ca\ge3\)
Hiển nhiên đúng do: \(ab+bc+ca\ge3\sqrt[3]{\left(abc\right)^2}=3\)
Vì abc=1 , ta đặt \(a=\dfrac{x}{y};b=\dfrac{y}{z};c=\dfrac{z}{x}\)
Điều phải chứng minh tương đương với:
\(\dfrac{1}{2+\dfrac{x}{y}}+\dfrac{1}{2+\dfrac{y}{z}}+\dfrac{1}{2+\dfrac{z}{x}}\le1\\ \Leftrightarrow\dfrac{y}{2y+x}+\dfrac{z}{2z+y}+\dfrac{x}{2x+z}\le1\\ \Leftrightarrow\dfrac{2y}{2y+x}+\dfrac{2z}{2z+y}+\dfrac{2x}{2x+z}\le2\\ \Leftrightarrow\dfrac{x}{2y+x}+\dfrac{y}{2z+y}+\dfrac{z}{2x+z}\ge1\left(1\right)\)
Áp dụng bất đẳng thức bunhiacopxki dạng phân thức ta có:
\(\dfrac{x}{2y+x}+\dfrac{y}{2z+x}+\dfrac{z}{2x+z}=\dfrac{x^2}{x^2+2xy}+\dfrac{y^2}{y^2+2zx}+\dfrac{z^2}{z^2+2xy}\ge\dfrac{\left(x+y+z\right)^2}{\left(x+y+z\right)^2}=1\)
=> bài toán được chứng minh
Dấu bằng xảy ra khi x=y=z=1 <=>a=b=c=1
Biến đổi tương đương:
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{a+b}{ab}\ge\dfrac{4}{a+b}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a+b\right)^2\ge4ab\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+2ab\ge4ab\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2-2ab\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)^2\ge0\) (luôn đúng)
Vậy BĐT đã cho đúng
1) xét hiệu
\(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}-\dfrac{4}{a+b}\ge0\)
<=> \(\dfrac{b\left(a+b\right)}{ab\left(a+b\right)}+\dfrac{a\left(a+b\right)}{ab\left(a+b\right)}-\dfrac{4ab}{ab\left(a+b\right)}\ge0\)
=> b(a+b)+a(a+b)-4ab ≥ 0
<=> ab+b2+a2+ab-4ab ≥ 0
<=> a2 -2ab+b2 ≥ 0
<=> (a-b)2 ≥ 0 (luôn đúng )
=> đpcm
2)Ta có:\(\left(a-b\right)^2\ge0\)
\(\Rightarrow a^2-2ab+b^2\ge0\)
\(\Rightarrow a^2+2ab+b^2-4ab\ge0\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(a+b\right)^2\ge4ab\)
TT\(\Rightarrow\left(b+c\right)^2\ge4bc;\left(c+a\right)^2\ge4ca\)
\(\Rightarrow\left[\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)\right]^2\ge64a^2b^2c^2\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)\ge8abc\)
\(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}\ge\dfrac{4}{a+b}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{b\left(a+b\right)}{ab\left(a+b\right)}+\dfrac{a\left(a+b\right)}{ab\left(a+b\right)}\ge\dfrac{4ab}{ab\left(a+b\right)}\)
Vì \(a,b>0\Rightarrow ab>0;a+b>0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow b\left(a+b\right)+a\left(a+b\right)\ge4ab\)
\(\Leftrightarrow ab+b^2+a^2+ab\ge4ab\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+2ab+b^2\ge4ab\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+2ab+b^2-4ab\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2-2ab+b^2\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)^2\ge0\)
Bất đằng thức này đúng \(\forall a,b>0\).
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b\).