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Read the following passage and choose the most appropriate answer from A,B,C or D to answer questions.
Stress is with us all the time. It comes from mental or emotional activity as well as physical activity. It is unique and personal to each of us. So personal, in fact, that what may be relaxing to one person may be stressful to another. For example, if you're a busy executive who likes to keep occupied all of the time, "taking it easy" at the beach on a beautiful day may feel extremely frustrating, nonproductive, and upsetting. You may be emotionally distressed from "doing nothing." Too much emotional stress can cause physical illnesses such as high blood pressure, ulcers, or even heart disease. Physical stress from work or exercise is not likely to cause such ailments. The truth is that physical exercise can help you to relax and to better handle your mental or emotional stress.
1. In the second sentence, "unique" most nearly means __________.
A. stressful B. distinctive C. brisk D. relaxing
2. Which of the following people would find "taking it easy" stressful?
A. Construction worker B. Business executive
C. Farm worker D. Truck driver
3. In the fifth sentence, "distressed" most nearly means __________.
A. upset B. distinctive C. relaxed D. active
4. In the eighth sentence, "ailments" most nearly means __________.
A. traits B. episodes C. characteristics D. illnesses
5. Which of the following would be a determinant as to what people find stressful?
A. Personality B. Education C. Marital status D. Shoe size
6. This article, published by the Department of Health and Human Services, probably came from the ____
A. Federal Bureau of Investigation.
B. Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration.
C. Education Administration.
D. Communicable Diseases Administration.
7. A source of stress NOT specifically mentioned in this passage is _______.
A. educational activity B. physical activity
C. mental activity D. emotional activity
8. Physical problems caused by emotional stress can appear as all of the following EXCEPT _______.
A. ulcers B. pregnancy C. heart disease D. high blood pressure
9. One method mentioned to help handle stress is _______.
A. physical exercise B. tranquilizers C. drugs D. taking it easy
V/ choose the word or phrase (A;B;C;D) that best its each in the following passage
To many people, their friends are the most important in their life. Really good friends always (1)______ joys and sorrows with you and never turn their backs on you. Your best friend may be someone you have known all your life or someone you have grown (2)______ with.
There are all sorts of things can (3)______ about this special relationship. It may be the result of enjoying the same activities and sharing experiences. Most of us have met someone that we have immediately felt relaxed with as if we had known them for ages. However, it really takes you years to get to know someone well (4)______ to consider your best friend.
To the majority of us, this is someone we trust completely and (5)______ understands us better than anyone else. It's the person you can tell him or her your most intimate secrets.
1/ a/ have b/ share c/ give d/ spend
2/ a/ up b/ through c/ on d/ in
3/ a/ provide b/ bring c/ cause d/ result
4/ a/ such b/ too c/ enough d/ so
5/ a/ whose b/ whom c/ which d/ who.
Nowadays in the news you can read a lot about biotechnology and the controversies about it and perhaps you ask yourself what it is exactly. Well, this article is going to give you a brief history of the field of biotechnology and show you that, although the word “biotechnology” was first used in 1919, we have been using biotechnology for many thousands of years in ways that are completely uncontroversial. It will also look at the more modern developments which have started intense debate. When you are drinking a cold beer on a hot day, or eating a delicious cheese sandwich, you can thank biotechnology for the pleasure you are experiencing. That’s right! Beer, bread and cheese are all produced using biotechnology. Perhaps a definition will be useful to understand how. A standard definition is that biotechnology (or biotech for short) is the application of science and engineering to the direct or indirect use of living organisms. And as you know, the food and drink above are all produced by the fermentation of micro-organisms. In beer, the yeast multiplies as it eats the sugars in the mixture and turns them into alcohol and CO2. This ancient technique was first used in Egypt to make bread and wine around 4000BC! Antibiotics are used to prevent and treat diseases, especially those caused by bacteria. They are natural substances that are created by bacteria and fungi. The first antibiotic was made in China in about 500BC – to cure boils. In 1928 Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin and it was considered a medical miracle. Modern research is looking at the creation of super-antibodies which can kill bacteria and viruses inside the cells that house them. Our modern consumer society produces a lot of waste which needs to be disposed of safely and without harmful end products. Environmental biotechnology can help. Indeed, the use of bacteria to treat sewage was first practiced in 1914 in Manchester, England. Vermiculture or using worms to treat waste is another environmentally-friendly practice and the end product is a natural fertiliser. Bacteria have even been developed to help with problems such as oil spills. They convert crude oil and gasoline into non-toxic substances such as carbon dioxide, water and oxygen and help create a cleaner, healthier environment. These examples of biotechnology are accepted by most people. However, the discovery of the DNA structure by Watson and Crick in 1953 was the beginning of the modern era of genetics and the following areas of biotech are very controversial. Read on… The genetic modification of plants and crops has been in practice for many years. This involves changing the genetic code of these plants so that they are more resistant to bad conditions like drought, floods and frost. Supporters of GM food say that it can offer the consumer better quality, safety and taste and for over a decade Americans have been eating GM food. However, things are very different in Europe where genetically modified food is very strictly regulated and regarded with deep suspicion by the public. GM food has even been called “Frankenfood” in the press, a term inspired by the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. There is a great cultural divide between America and Europe over whether such food is safe to eat and will not harm the environment and the discussion is still in progress. 1997 saw the birth of Dolly the sheep, the first animal cloned from an adult cell. This was a remarkable achievement which created world-wide debate on the ethical issues surrounding cloning. International organisations such as the European parliament, UNESCO and WHO all declared that human cloning is both morally and legally wrong. However, we need to make a distinction between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. Nowadays the idea of reproductive cloning – creating a copy of another person - is no longer interesting for researchers. Instead therapeutic cloning is creating excitement in the biotech world. Key to this technique is stem cells, which are master cells that have the potential to become any other kind of cell in the body e.g. nerve cells, blood, heart muscle or even brain cells. Stem cells themselves have generated a lot of controversy as it was believed that only human embryos could provide them. However, it now appears that adult stem cells offer the same possibility. This would mean that a patient who suffered a heart attack could provide doctors with his adult stem cells which could then be implanted back into his heart and used to create heart muscle, replacing the muscle that was damaged. As the genetic code is identical, there would be no problem of the body rejecting the implant as, unfortunately, happens with organ transplants. In the future, biotechnologists hope that stem cells could be used to grow entire organs. In this way biotechnology offers the hope of revolutionising medical treatment. In this brief overview of the history of biotechnology we have jumped from making bread to making human organs - an enormous leap- and it is clear that these modern practices raise many controversial issues. However, despite the debate, we can imagine that as biotechnology has been around for many years, it will still be around for some time to come - but who knows where it will take us?
Questions:
After reading, choose the best answer for the following questions
1. What is the main topic of the article?
Brief history and modern developments of biotechnology
Benefit of biotechnology
Modern research in biotechnology
2. What does the pronoun "IT" in the first paragraph refer to?
Biotechnology
The article
The word "Biotechnology"
3. Which products were first made with fermentation of micro-organisms?
Beer, bread and cheese
Bread and wine
Beer and cheese
Decide whether the statement below is True or False.
4. Alexander Fleming discovered super-antibodies which can kill bacteria and viruses inside the cells that house them.
TrueFalse
5. GM food is easily available in the U.S. and Europe.
TrueFalse
6.Researchers believe that adult stem cells could be used to create body parts.
TrueFalse
Read the following passage and choose the most appropriate answer from A,B,C or D to answer questions.
Human memory, formerly believed to be rather inefficient, is really more sophisticated than that of a computer. Researchers approaching the problem from a variety of points of view have all concluded that there is a great deal more stored in our minds than has been generally supposed. Dr. Wilder Penfield, a Canadian neurosurgeon, proved that by stimulating their brains electrically, he could elicit the total recall of specific events in his subjects’ lives. Even dreams and other minor events supposedly forgotten for many years suddenly emerged in detail.
Although the physical basis for memory is not yet understood, one theory is that the fantastic capacity for storage in the brain is the result of an almost unlimited combination of interconnections between brain cells, stimulated by patterns of activity. Repeated references to the same information support recall. Or, to say that another way, improved performance is the result of strengthening the chemical bonds in the memory.
1. With what topic is the passage mainly concerned?
A. Wilder Penfield B. Neurosurgery
C. Human memory D. Chemical reactions
2. According to the passage, researchers have concluded that
A. the mind has a much greater capacity for memory than was previously believed.
B. the physical basis for memory is clear.
C. different points of view are valuable.
D. human memory is inefficient.
3. How did Penfield elicit dreams and other minor events from the past?
A. By surgery B. By electric stimulation C. By repetition D. By chemical stimulation
4. According to the passage, the capacity for storage in the brain
A. can be understood by examining the physiology.
B. is stimulated by patterns of activity.
C. has a limited combination of relationships.
D. is not influenced by repetition.
5. The word “bonds” in the last line means
A. promises. B. agreements. C. connections. D. responsibilities
Allergic reactions result from touching, breathing, or (1)__ingesting__ certain substances called (2)___allergens___. Coughing or itching are two possible (3)___symptoms___ of an allergic reaction. More serious allergic reactions may result from certain insect bites, foods, or (4)_medications__. A severe allergic reaction is known as (5)__anaphylaxis__. It can result in loss of blood volume and heart failure. Doctors can use a variety of tests to (6)__identify__ the source of an allergy. Treatment may include taking medication or (7)__avoiding__the substances that cause the allergic reaction.
Allergic reactions result from touching, breathing, or ..ingesting.. certain substances called ..allergens... Coughing or itching are two possible ..symptoms.. of an allergic reaction. More serious allergic reactions may result from certain insect bites, foods, or ..medications.. A severe allergic reaction is known as ..anaphylaxis.. It can result in loss of blood volume and heart failure. Doctors can use a variety of tests to ..identify.. the source of an allergy. Treatment may include taking medication or ..avoiding.. the substances that cause the allergic reaction.