Dùng định nghĩa tính đạo hàm của hàm số y = x 3 tại điểm x tùy ý.
Dự đoán đạo hàm của hàm số y = x 100 tại điểm x.
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a) Với bất kì \({x_0} \in \mathbb{R}\), ta có:
\(f'\left( {{x_0}} \right) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{f\left( x \right) - f\left( {{x_0}} \right)}}{{x - {x_0}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{x - {x_0}}}{{x - {x_0}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} 1 = 1\)
Vậy \(f'\left( x \right) = {\left( x \right)^\prime } = 1\) trên \(\mathbb{R}\).
b) Ta có:
\(\begin{array}{l}{\left( {{x^2}} \right)^\prime } = 2{\rm{x}}\\{\left( {{x^3}} \right)^\prime } = 3{{\rm{x}}^2}\\...\\{\left( {{x^n}} \right)^\prime } = n{{\rm{x}}^{n - 1}}\end{array}\)
a)
\(\begin{array}{l}f'({x_0}) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{f(x) - f({x_0})}}{{x - {x_0}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{{x^2} - x_0^2}}{{x - {x_0}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{{e^{2.\ln x}} - {e^{2.\ln {x_0}}}}}{{x - {x_0}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{{e^{2.\ln {x_0}}}.\left( {{e^{2\ln x - 2\ln {x_0}}} - 1} \right)}}{{x - {x_0}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{x_0^2\left( {{e^{2.\ln x - 2\ln {x_0}}} - 1} \right)}}{{x - {x_0}}}\\ = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{x_0^2\left( {2\ln x - 2\ln {x_0}} \right)}}{{x - {x_0}}} = 2x_0^2\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{\ln \left( {\frac{x}{{{x_0}}}} \right)}}{{x - {x_0}}} = 2x_0^2\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{\ln \left( {1 + \frac{x}{{{x_0}}} - 1} \right)}}{{x - {x_0}}} = 2x_0^2\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{\frac{x}{{{x_0}}} - 1}}{{x - {x_0}}} = 2x_0^2\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{\frac{{x - {x_0}}}{{{x_0}}}}}{{x - {x_0}}} = 2x_0^2\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{1}{{{x_0}}}\\ = 2x_0^2.\frac{1}{{{x_0}}} = 2x\\ \Rightarrow \left( {{x^2}} \right)' = 2x\end{array}\)
b) Dự đoán đạo hàm của hàm số \(y = {x^n}\) tại điểm x bất kì: \(y' = n.{x^{n - 1}}\)
Với \({x_0}\) bất kì, ta có:
\(\begin{array}{l}f'\left( {{x_0}} \right) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{f\left( x \right) - f\left( {{x_0}} \right)}}{{x - {x_0}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{\sqrt x - \sqrt {{x_0}} }}{{x - {x_0}}}\\ = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{\sqrt x - \sqrt {{x_0}} }}{{\left( {\sqrt x - \sqrt {{x_0}} } \right)\left( {\sqrt x + \sqrt {{x_0}} } \right)}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{1}{{\sqrt x + \sqrt {{x_0}} }} = \frac{1}{{2\sqrt {{x_0}} }}\end{array}\)
Vậy hàm số \(y = \sqrt x \) có đạo hàm là hàm số \(y' = \frac{1}{{2\sqrt x }}\)
tham khảo:
y′(x0)=\(lim_{x\rightarrow x_0}\)\(\dfrac{f\left(x\right)-f\left(x_0\right)}{x-x_0}\)
=\(lim_{x\rightarrow x_0}\)\(\dfrac{\sqrt{x}-\sqrt{x_0}}{\left(\sqrt{x}-\sqrt{x_0}\right).\left(\sqrt{x}+\sqrt{x_0}\right)}\)
=\(lim_{x\rightarrow x_0}\)\(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{x}+\sqrt{x_0}}\)
=\(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{x}+\sqrt{x_0}}\)\(=\dfrac{1}{2\sqrt{x_0}}\)
a) Với \({x_0}\) bất kì, ta có:
\(f'\left( {{x_0}} \right) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{f\left( x \right) - f\left( {{x_0}} \right)}}{{x - {x_0}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{{x^3} - x_0^3}}{{x - {x_0}}}\\ = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{\left( {x - {x_0}} \right)\left( {{x^2} + x{x_0} + x_0^2} \right)}}{{x - {x_0}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \left( {{x^2} + x{x_0} + x_0^2} \right) = 3x_0^2\)
Vậy hàm số \(y = {x^3}\) có đạo hàm là hàm số \(y' = 3{x^2}\)
b) \(y' = \left( {{x^n}} \right)' = n{x^{n - 1}}\)
\(\begin{array}{l}f'({x_0}) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{f(x) - f({x_0})}}{{x - {x_0}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{\cos x - \cos {x_0}}}{{x - {x_0}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{ - 2\,.\,\sin \frac{{x + {x_0}}}{2}.\sin \frac{{x - {x_0}}}{2}}}{{x - {x_0}}}\\ = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{ - 2.\frac{{x - {x_0}}}{2}.\sin \frac{{x + {x_0}}}{2}}}{{x - {x_0}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \,\left( { - \sin \frac{{x + {x_0}}}{2}} \right) = - \sin \frac{{2{x_0}}}{2} = - \sin {x_0}\\ \Rightarrow f'(x) = (\cos x)' = - \sin x\end{array}\)
a) Với \({x_0}\) bất kì, ta có:
\(\begin{array}{l}f'\left( {{x_0}} \right) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{f\left( x \right) - f\left( {{x_0}} \right)}}{{x - {x_0}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{{x^3} + {x^2} - x_0^3 - x_0^2}}{{x - {x_0}}}\\ = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{\left( {x - {x_0}} \right)\left( {{x^2} + x{x_0} + x_0^2} \right) + \left( {x - {x_0}} \right)\left( {x + {x_0}} \right)}}{{x - {x_0}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{\left( {x - {x_0}} \right)\left( {{x^2} + x{x_0} + x_0^2 + x + {x_0}} \right)}}{{x - {x_0}}}\\ = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \left( {{x^2} + x{x_0} + x_0^2 + x + {x_0}} \right) = 3x_0^2 + 2{x_0}\end{array}\)
Vậy hàm số \(y = {x^3} + {x^2}\) có đạo hàm là hàm số \(y' = 3{x^2} + 2x\)
b) \({\left( {{x^3}} \right)^,} + {\left( {{x^2}} \right)^,} = 3{x^2} + 2x\)
Do đó \(\left( {{x^3} + {x^2}} \right)'\) = \(\left( {{x^3}} \right)' + \left( {{x^2}} \right)'.\)
\(\begin{array}{l}f'({x_0}) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{f(x) - f({x_0})}}{{x - {x_0}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{{x^{\frac{1}{2}}} - x_0^{\frac{1}{2}}}}{{x - {x_0}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{{e^{\frac{1}{2}.\ln x}} - {e^{\frac{1}{2}.\ln {x_0}}}}}{{x - {x_0}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{{e^{\frac{1}{2}.\ln {x_0}}}.\left( {{e^{\frac{1}{2}\ln x - \frac{1}{2}\ln {x_0}}} - 1} \right)}}{{x - {x_0}}}\\ = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{x_0^{\frac{1}{2}}\left( {{e^{\frac{1}{2}.\ln x - \frac{1}{2}\ln {x_0}}} - 1} \right)}}{{x - {x_0}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{x_0^{\frac{1}{2}}\left( {\frac{1}{2}\ln x - \frac{1}{2}\ln {x_0}} \right)}}{{x - {x_0}}} = \frac{1}{2}x_0^{\frac{1}{2}}\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{\ln \left( {\frac{x}{{{x_0}}}} \right)}}{{x - {x_0}}} = 2x_0^2\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{\ln \left( {1 + \frac{x}{{{x_0}}} - 1} \right)}}{{x - {x_0}}}\\ = 2x_0^2\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{\frac{x}{{{x_0}}} - 1}}{{x - {x_0}}} = \frac{1}{2}x_0^{\frac{1}{2}}\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{\frac{{x - {x_0}}}{{{x_0}}}}}{{x - {x_0}}} = \frac{1}{2}x_0^{\frac{1}{2}}\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{1}{{{x_0}}} = \frac{1}{2}x_0^{\frac{1}{2}}.\frac{1}{{{x_0}}}\\ \Rightarrow f'\left( 1 \right) = \frac{1}{2}{.1^{\frac{1}{2}}}.1 = \frac{1}{2}\end{array}\)
a) Ta có: \(f'\left( x \right) = \left( {{x^{22}}} \right)' = 22.{x^{21}}\)
b) Đạo hàm của hàm số tại điểm \({x_0} = - 1\) là: \(f'\left( { - 1} \right) = 22.{\left( { - 1} \right)^{21}} = - 22\)
- Giả sử Δx là số gia của đối số tại xo bất kỳ. Ta có:
- Dự đoán đạo hàm của y = x100 tại điểm x là 100x99