Tính tích phân bất định :
\(I=\int\frac{dx}{\sqrt{\left(1+x^2\right)^3}}\)
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a) Đặt \(x=\sin t;t\in\left(-\frac{\pi}{2};\frac{\pi}{2}\right)\) \(\Rightarrow dx=\cos tdt\)
Suy ra : \(\frac{dx}{\sqrt{\left(1-x^2\right)^3}}=\frac{\cos tdt}{\sqrt{\left(1-\sin^2t\right)^3}}=\frac{\cos tdt}{\cos^3t}=\frac{dt}{\cos^2t}=d\left(\tan t\right)\)
Khi đó \(\int\frac{dx}{\sqrt{\left(1-x^2\right)^3}}=\int d\left(\tan t\right)=\tan t+C=\frac{\sin t}{\sqrt{1-\sin^2t}}=\frac{x}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}+C\)
b) Vì \(x^2+2x+3=\left(x+1\right)^2+\left(\sqrt{2}\right)^2\)
nên ta đặt : \(x+1=\sqrt{2}\tan t;t\in\left(-\frac{\pi}{2};\frac{\pi}{2}\right)\Rightarrow dx=\sqrt{2}.\frac{dt}{\cos^2t};\tan t=\frac{x+1}{\sqrt{2}}\)
Suy ra \(\frac{dx}{\sqrt{x^2+2x+3}}=\frac{dx}{\sqrt{\left(x^2+1\right)^2+\left(\sqrt{2}\right)^2}}=\frac{dx}{\sqrt{2\left(\tan^2t+1\right).\cos^2t}}\)
\(=\frac{dt}{\sqrt{2}\cos t}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}.\frac{\cos tdt}{1-\sin^2t}=-\frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}.\left(\frac{\cos tdt}{\sin t-1}-\frac{\cos tdt}{\sin t+1}\right)\)
Khi đó \(\int\frac{dx}{\sqrt{x^2+2x+3}}=-\frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}\int\left(\frac{\cos tdt}{\sin t-1}-\frac{\cos tdt}{\sin t+1}\right)=-\frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}\ln\left|\frac{\sin t-1}{\sin t+1}\right|+C\left(1\right)\)
Từ \(\tan t=\frac{x+1}{\sqrt{2}}\Leftrightarrow\tan^2t=\frac{\sin^2t}{1-\sin^2t}=\frac{\left(x+1\right)^2}{2}\Rightarrow\sin^2t=1-\frac{2}{x^2+2x+3}\)
Ta tìm được \(\sin t\) thay vào (1), ta tính được I
\(I=\int\limits^0_{\frac{-1}{2}}\frac{dx}{\left(x+1\right)\sqrt{3+2x-x^2}}=\int\limits^0_{\frac{-1}{2}}\frac{dx}{\left(x+1\right)\left(\sqrt{\left(x+1\right)\left(3-x\right)}\right)}\)
\(=\int\limits^0_{\frac{-1}{2}}\frac{dx}{\left(x+1\right)^2\sqrt{\frac{3-x}{x+1}}}\)
Đặt \(t=\sqrt{\frac{3-x}{x+1}}\Rightarrow\frac{dx}{\left(x+1\right)^2}=-\frac{1}{2}\)
Đổi cận : \(x=-\frac{1}{2}\Rightarrow t=\sqrt{7};x=0\Rightarrow t=\sqrt{3}\)
\(I=-\frac{1}{2}\int\limits^{\sqrt{3}}_{\sqrt{7}}dt=\frac{1}{2}\left(\sqrt{7}-\sqrt{3}\right)\)
Thực hiện theo các bước sau :
Bước 1 : Biến đổi :
\(a_1\sin x+b_1\cos x=A\left(a_2\sin x+b_2\cos x\right)+B\left(a_2\cos x-b_2\sin x\right)\)
Bước 2 : Khi đó :
\(I=\int\frac{A\left(a_2\sin x+b_2\cos x\right)+B\left(a_2\cos x-b_2\sin x\right)}{\left(a_2\sin x+b_2\cos x\right)^2}dx=A\int\frac{dx}{a_2\cos x+b_2\sin x}+B\int\frac{\left(a_2\cos x+b_2\sin x\right)dx}{\left(a_2\cos x+b_2\sin x\right)^2}\)
\(=\frac{A}{\sqrt{a^2_2+b^2_2}}\int\frac{dx}{\sin\left(x+\alpha\right)}-B\int\frac{1}{a_2\sin x+b_2\cos x}dx=\frac{A}{\sqrt{a^2_2+b^2_2}}\ln\left|\tan\left(\frac{x+\alpha}{2}\right)\right|-\frac{B}{a_2\cos x+b_2\sin x}+C\)
Trong đó : \(\sin\alpha=\frac{b_2}{\sqrt{a^2_2+b^2_2}_{ }};\cos\alpha=\frac{a_2}{\sqrt{a^2_2+b^2_2}}\)
Câu 2)
Đặt \(\left\{\begin{matrix} u=\ln ^2x\\ dv=x^2dx\end{matrix}\right.\Rightarrow \left\{\begin{matrix} du=2\frac{\ln x}{x}dx\\ v=\frac{x^3}{3}\end{matrix}\right.\Rightarrow I=\frac{x^3}{3}\ln ^2x-\frac{2}{3}\int x^2\ln xdx\)
Đặt \(\left\{\begin{matrix} k=\ln x\\ dt=x^2dx\end{matrix}\right.\Rightarrow \left\{\begin{matrix} dk=\frac{dx}{x}\\ t=\frac{x^3}{3}\end{matrix}\right.\Rightarrow \int x^2\ln xdx=\frac{x^3\ln x}{3}-\int \frac{x^2}{3}dx=\frac{x^3\ln x}{3}-\frac{x^3}{9}+c\)
Do đó \(I=\frac{x^3\ln^2x}{3}-\frac{2}{9}x^3\ln x+\frac{2}{27}x^3+c\)
Câu 3:
\(I=\int\frac{2}{\cos 2x-7}dx=-\int\frac{2}{2\sin^2x+6}dx=-\int\frac{dx}{\sin^2x+3}\)
Đặt \(t=\tan\frac{x}{2}\Rightarrow \left\{\begin{matrix} \sin x=\frac{2t}{t^2+1}\\ dx=\frac{2dt}{t^2+1}\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow I=-\int \frac{2dt}{(t^2+1)\left ( \frac{4t^2}{(t^2+1)^2}+3 \right )}=-\int\frac{2(t^2+1)dt}{3t^4+10t^2+3}=-\int \frac{2d\left ( t-\frac{1}{t} \right )}{3\left ( t-\frac{1}{t} \right )^2+16}=\int\frac{2dk}{3k^2+16}\)
Đặt \(k=\frac{4}{\sqrt{3}}\tan v\). Đến đây dễ dàng suy ra \(I=\frac{-1}{2\sqrt{3}}v+c\)
\(I=\int\limits^5_1\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{x-1}+1}+\frac{\ln x}{\left(x+1\right)^2}\right)dx=\int\limits^5_1\frac{x}{\sqrt{x-1}+1}dx+\int\limits^5_1\frac{\ln x}{\left(x+1\right)^2}dx\)
- Tính \(\int\limits^5_1\frac{x}{\sqrt{x-1}+1}dx\)
Đặt \(t=\sqrt{x-1}\Rightarrow t^2=x-1\Leftrightarrow x=t^2+1\Rightarrow dx=2tdt\)
Đổi cận : Cho x=1 => t=0; x=5=>t=2
\(I_1=\int\limits^2_0\frac{t^2+1}{t+1}.2td=\int\limits^2_0\frac{2t^3+2t}{t+1}dt=\int\limits^2_0\left(2t^2-2t+4-\frac{4}{t+1}\right)dt\)
\(=\left(\frac{2}{3}t^3-t^2+4t-4\ln\left|x+1\right|\right)|^2_0=\frac{28}{3}-4\ln3\)
\(I_2=\int\limits^5_1\frac{\ln x}{\left(x+1\right)^2}dx\)
Đặt \(\begin{cases}u=\ln x\\dv=\frac{1}{\left(x+1\right)^2}dx\end{cases}\) \(\Rightarrow\begin{cases}du=\frac{1}{x}dx\\v=-\frac{1}{x+1}\end{cases}\)
Ta có \(I_2=-\frac{1}{x+1}\ln x|^5_1+\int\limits^5_1\frac{1}{x\left(x+1\right)}dx=-\frac{1}{6}\ln5+\int\limits^5_1\left(\frac{1}{x}-\frac{1}{x+1}\right)dx\)
\(=-\frac{1}{6}\ln5+\left(\ln\left|x\right|x+1\right)|^5_1=-\frac{1}{6}\ln5+\ln5-\ln6+\ln2=\frac{5}{6}\ln5-\ln3\)
Khi đó \(I=I_1+I_2=\frac{28}{3}+\frac{5}{6}\ln5=5\ln3\)
1) Đặt \(2+lnx=t\Leftrightarrow x=e^{t-2}\Rightarrow dx=e^{t-2}dt\)
\(I_1=\int\left(\frac{t-2}{t}\right)^2\cdot e^{t-2}\cdot dt=\int\left(1-\frac{4}{t}+\frac{4}{t^2}\right)e^{t-2}dt\\ =\int e^{t-2}dt-4\int\frac{e^{t-2}}{t}dt+4\int\frac{e^{t-2}}{t^2}dt\)
Có:
\(4\int\frac{e^{t-2}}{t^2}dt=-4\int e^{t-2}\cdot d\left(\frac{1}{t}\right)=-\frac{4\cdot e^{t-2}}{t}+4\int\frac{e^{t-2}}{t}dt\\ \Leftrightarrow4\int\frac{e^{t-2}}{t^2}dt-4\int\frac{e^{t-2}}{t^{ }}dt=-\frac{4\cdot e^{t-2}}{t}\)
Vậy \(I_1=\int e^{t-2}dt-\frac{4\cdot e^{t-2}}{t}=e^{t-2}-\frac{4e^{t-2}}{t}+C\)
3) Đặt \(t=\sqrt{1+\sqrt[3]{x^2}}\Rightarrow t^2-1=\sqrt[3]{x^2}\Leftrightarrow x^2=\left(t^2-1\right)^3\)
\(d\left(x^2\right)=d\left[\left(t^2-1\right)^3\right]\Leftrightarrow2x\cdot dx=6t\left(t^2-1\right)^2\cdot dt\)
\(I_3=\int\frac{3t\left(t^2-1\right)^2}{t}dt=3\int\left(t^4-2t^2+1\right)dt=...\)
1/ \(\int\limits^e_1\left(x+\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{x^2}\right)dx=\left(\frac{x^2}{2}+lnx-\frac{1}{x}\right)|^e_1=\frac{e^2}{2}-\frac{1}{e}+\frac{3}{2}\)
2/ \(\int\limits^2_1\left(\sqrt{x}+1\right)\left(x-\sqrt{x}+1\right)dx=\int\limits^2_1\left(x\sqrt{x}+1\right)dx=\int\limits^2_1\left(x^{\frac{3}{2}}+1\right)dx\)
\(=\left(\frac{2}{5}.x^{\frac{5}{2}}+x\right)|^2_1=\frac{8\sqrt{2}-7}{5}\)
3/
\(\int\limits^2_1\frac{2x^3-4x+5}{x}dx=\int\limits^2_1\left(2x^2-4+\frac{5}{x}\right)dx=\left(\frac{2}{3}x^3-4x+5lnx\right)|^2_1=\frac{2}{3}+5ln2\)
4/ \(\int\limits^2_1x^2\left(3x-1\right)\frac{2}{x}dx=\int\limits^2_1\left(6x^2-2x\right)dx=\left(2x^3-x^2\right)|^2_1=11\)
Dễ