Nếu \(a\) tỉ lệ nghịch với \(\dfrac{1}{b}\) thì 
\(a=\dfrac{k}{\dfrac{1}{b}}\) \(\Rightarrow a=\dfrac{k\cdot b}{1}=kb\)
\(\Rightarrow a\) tỉ lệ thuận với \(b\) mà \(b\) là số nghịch đảo của \(\dfrac{1}{b}\)
Vậy nếu \(a\) tỉ lệ nghịch với \(\dfrac{1}{b}\) thì \(a\) tỉ lệ thuận với số nghịch đảo của \(\dfrac{1}{b}\)

Gọi \(X\) là số chính phương có \(4\) chữ số \(\left(X\inℕ\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow1000\le X\le9999\)
mà \(X⋮147\) \(\Rightarrow X=147\cdot A\) \(\left(A\inℕ\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow1000\le147\cdot A\le9999\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1000}{147}\le A\le\dfrac{9999}{147}\)
Do \(A\inℕ\) nên \(7\le A\le68\)
lại có \(X\) có tận cùng là \(9\) \(\Rightarrow A\) có tận cùng là \(7\)
\(\Rightarrow A\in\left\{7;17;27;37;47;57;67\right\}\)
Mặt khác: \(147=3\cdot7^2\) và \(X\) là số chính phương
\(\Rightarrow A=3\cdot B^2\) \(\left(B\inℕ\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{A}{3}=B^2\) \(\Rightarrow A=27\) \(\Rightarrow X=147\cdot27=3969\)
Vậy số chính phương có \(4\) chữ số chia hết cho \(147\) và tận cùng là \(9\) là \(3969\)
 

\(x^2-2y^2=1\) \(\left(1\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x^2-1=2y^2\) \(\left(2\right)\)
Do \(2y^2⋮2\) nên \(x^2-1⋮2\)
\(\Rightarrow x\) là số lẻ \(\Rightarrow x=2k+1\left(k\inℤ\right)\)
\(\left(2\right)\Rightarrow\left(2k+1\right)^2-1=2y^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow4k\left(k+1\right)=2y^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2k\left(k+1\right)=y^2\)
mà \(2k\left(k+1\right)⋮2\) \(\Rightarrow y^2⋮2\Rightarrow y⋮2\)
và \(y\) là số nguyên tố \(\Rightarrow y=2\)
\(\left(1\right)\Rightarrow x^2-2\cdot2^2=1\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x^2=9=3^2\)
Do \(x\) là số nguyên tố nên \(x=3\)
Vậy \(\left(x;y\right)=\left(3;2\right)\) 

Xét + \(\left|x-1\right|+\left|x-1996\right|\)
\(=\left|x-1\right|+\left|1996-x\right|\ge\left|x-1+1996-x\right|=1995\)
Dấu \("="\) xảy ra \(\Leftrightarrow\left(x-1\right)\left(1996-x\right)\ge0\)
\(\Rightarrow1\le x\le1996\)
       + \(\left|x-2\right|+\left|x-1995\right|\)
\(=\left|x-2\right|+\left|1995-x\right|\ge\left|x-2+1995-x\right|=1993\)
Dấu \("="\) xảy ra \(\Leftrightarrow\left(x-2\right)\left(1995-x\right)\ge0\)
\(\Rightarrow2\le x\le1995\)
           \(...\)
        + \(\left|x-997\right|+\left|x-998\right|\)
\(=\left|x-997\right|+\left|998-x\right|\ge\left|x-997+998-x\right|=1\)
Dấu \("="\) xảy ra \(\Leftrightarrow\left(x-997\right)\left(998-x\right)\ge0\)
\(\Rightarrow997\le x\le998\)
Do đó nên
\(\left(\left|x-1\right|+\left|x-1996\right|\right)+\left(\left|x-2\right|+\left|x-1995\right|\right)+...+\left(\left|x-997\right|+\left|x-998\right|\right)\ge1995+1993+...+1\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left|x-1\right|+\left|x-2\right|+\left|x-3\right|+...+\left|x-1996\right|\ge\left(1+1995\right)\left[\left(1995-1\right):2+1\right]:2=996004\)
Dấu \("="\) xảy ra \(\Leftrightarrow997\le x\le998\)
Vậy giá trị nhỏ nhất của \(\left|x-1\right|+\left|x-2\right|+\left|x-3\right|+...+\left|x-1996\right|\) là \(996004\) khi \(997\le x\le998\)

\(25+37+25+63\)
\(=25+25+37+63\)
\(=50+100=150\)

Do \(\overline{abc}\) là bội chung của \(\overline{ab};\overline{ac};\overline{ba}\) nên \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\overline{abc}⋮\overline{ab}\\\overline{abc}⋮\overline{ac}\\\overline{abc}⋮\overline{ba}\end{matrix}\right.\)
+ \(\overline{abc}⋮\overline{ab}\)
\(\Rightarrow10\cdot\overline{ab}+c⋮\overline{ab}\)
\(\Rightarrow c⋮\overline{ab}\) \(\Rightarrow c=0\)
+ \(\overline{abc}⋮\overline{ac}\)
\(\Rightarrow\overline{ab0}⋮\overline{a0}\)
\(\Rightarrow100a+10b+0⋮10a+0\)
\(\Rightarrow10\cdot10a+10b⋮10a\)
\(\Rightarrow10b⋮10a\) \(\Rightarrow b⋮a\) \(\Rightarrow b=ka\left(k\inℕ\right)\)
+ \(\overline{abc}⋮\overline{ba}\)
\(\Rightarrow\overline{ab0}⋮\overline{ba}\)
\(\Rightarrow100a+10b+0⋮10b+a\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(10b+a\right)+99a⋮10b+a\)
\(\Rightarrow99a⋮10b+a\)
\(\Rightarrow99a⋮10ka+a\)
\(\Rightarrow99a⋮a\left(10k+1\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow99⋮10k+1\)
\(\Rightarrow k=1\)
\(\Rightarrow a=b\)
mà \(10\cdot\left(10b+0\right)+\left(10b+0\right)⋮10b+0\)
\(\Rightarrow10\cdot\left(10a+0\right)+\left(10b+c\right)⋮10b+c\)
\(\Rightarrow100a+10b+c⋮10b+c\)
\(\Rightarrow\overline{abc}⋮\overline{bc}\) hay \(\overline{abc}\) là bội của \(\overline{bc}\)
 

\(a\)) Đặt \(6x=10y=15z=k\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=\dfrac{k}{6}\\y=\dfrac{k}{10}\\z=\dfrac{k}{15}\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow\dfrac{k}{6}+\dfrac{k}{10}+\dfrac{k}{15}=90\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{k}{3}=90\Leftrightarrow k=270\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=\dfrac{270}{6}=45\\y=\dfrac{270}{10}=27\\z=\dfrac{270}{15}=18\end{matrix}\right.\)
Vậy \(x=45;y=27;z=18\)
\(b\)) Đặt \(9x=3y=2z=q\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=\dfrac{q}{9}\\y=\dfrac{q}{3}\\z=\dfrac{q}{2}\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow\dfrac{q}{9}-\dfrac{q}{3}+\dfrac{q}{2}=50\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{5q}{18}=50\) \(\Leftrightarrow q=180\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=\dfrac{180}{9}=20\\y=\dfrac{180}{3}=60\\z=\dfrac{180}{2}=90\end{matrix}\right.\)
Vậy \(x=20;y=60;z=90\)
\(c\)) Đặt \(2x=3y=-2z=r\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=\dfrac{r}{2}\\y=\dfrac{r}{3}\\z=-\dfrac{r}{2}\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow2\cdot\dfrac{r}{2}-3\cdot\dfrac{r}{3}+4\cdot\left(-\dfrac{r}{2}\right)=48\)
\(\Leftrightarrow-2r=48\) \(\Leftrightarrow r=-24\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=\dfrac{-24}{2}=-12\\y=\dfrac{-24}{3}=-8\\z=-\dfrac{-24}{2}=12\end{matrix}\right.\)
Vậy \(x=-12;y=-8;z=12\)
\(d\)) Đặt \(\dfrac{x+1}{3}=\dfrac{y+2}{4}=\dfrac{z+3}{5}=u\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=3u-1\\y=4u-2\\z=5u-3\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow3u-1+4u-2+5u-3=30\)
\(\Leftrightarrow12u=36\) \(\Leftrightarrow u=3\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=3\cdot3-1=8\\y=4\cdot3-2=10\\z=5\cdot3-3=12\end{matrix}\right.\)
Vậy \(x=8;y=10;z=12\)
\(e\)) Đặt \(\dfrac{x-1}{3}=\dfrac{x-2}{4}=\dfrac{z-3}{5}=p\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=3p+1\\y=4p+2\\z=5p+3\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow3p+1+4p+2+5p+3=30\)
\(\Leftrightarrow12p=24\) \(\Leftrightarrow p=2\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=3\cdot2+1=7\\y=4\cdot2+2=10\\z=5\cdot2+3=13\end{matrix}\right.\)
Vậy \(x=7;y=10;z=13\)
\(g\)) \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{x}{4}=\dfrac{y}{3}\\x:y=12\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x:y=\dfrac{4}{3}\\x:y=12\end{matrix}\right.\) (Vô lí)
Vậy không có giá trị \(x,y\) thỏa mãn
\(h\)) Đặt \(-6x=-15y=10z=a\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=-\dfrac{a}{6}\\y=-\dfrac{a}{15}\\z=\dfrac{a}{10}\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow\left(-\dfrac{a}{6}\right)\cdot\left(-\dfrac{a}{15}\right)\cdot\dfrac{a}{10}=240\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{a^3}{900}=240\) \(\Leftrightarrow a^3=216000\) \(\Leftrightarrow a=60\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=-\dfrac{60}{6}=-10\\y=-\dfrac{60}{15}=-4\\z=\dfrac{60}{10}=6\end{matrix}\right.\)
Vậy \(x=-10;y=-4;z=6\)
\(i\)) Đặt \(-18x=-12y=24z=s\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=-\dfrac{s}{18}\\y=-\dfrac{s}{12}\\z=\dfrac{s}{24}\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow\left(-\dfrac{s}{18}\right)\cdot\left(-\dfrac{s}{12}\right)\cdot\dfrac{s}{24}=576\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{s^3}{5184}=576\) \(\Leftrightarrow s^3=2985984\) \(\Leftrightarrow s=144\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=-\dfrac{144}{18}=-8\\y=-\dfrac{144}{12}=-12\\z=\dfrac{144}{24}=6\end{matrix}\right.\)
Vậy \(x=-8;y=-12;z=6\)
\(k\)) \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{x}{2}=\dfrac{y}{3}\\\dfrac{y}{2}=\dfrac{z}{5}\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=\dfrac{2y}{3}\\z=\dfrac{5y}{2}\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{2y}{3}+y+\dfrac{5y}{2}=50\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{25y}{6}=50\) \(\Leftrightarrow y=12\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=\dfrac{2\cdot12}{3}=8\\z=\dfrac{5\cdot12}{2}=30\end{matrix}\right.\)
Vậy \(x=8;y=12;z=30\)
\(l\)) \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{x}{2}=\dfrac{y}{3}\\2y=3z\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow x=z=\dfrac{2y}{3}\)\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{2y}{3}+y+\dfrac{2y}{3}=49\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{7y}{3}=49\) \(\Leftrightarrow y=21\)
\(\Rightarrow x=z=\dfrac{2\cdot21}{3}=14\)
Vậy \(x=14;y=21;z=14\).

Đặt \(\dfrac{a+b}{3}=\dfrac{b+c}{4}=\dfrac{c+a}{5}=t\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a+b=3t\\b+c=4t\\c+a=5t\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(a+b\right)+\left(b+c\right)+\left(c+a\right)=3t+4t+5t\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2\left(a+b+c\right)=12t\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a+b+c=6t\)
+ \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a+b=3t\\a+b+c=6t\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow3t+c=6t\) \(\Leftrightarrow c=3t\)
+ \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}b+c=4t\\a+b+c=6t\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow a+4t=6t\) \(\Leftrightarrow a=2t\)
+ \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}c+a=5t\\a+b+c=6t\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow b+5t=6t\) \(\Leftrightarrow b=t\)
Thay \(a=2t;b=t;c=3t\) vào \(M\) ta được
\(M=10\cdot2t+t-7\cdot3t+2017=20t+t-21t+2017=2017\)
Vậy \(M=2017\)