Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

Learning means acquiring knowledge or developing the ability to perform new behaviors. It is common to think of learning as something that takes place in school, but much of human learning occurs outside the classroom, and people continue to learn throughout their lives.

Even before they enter school, young children learn to walk, to talk, and to use their hands to manipulate toys, food, and other objects. They use all of their senses to learn about the sights, sounds, tastes, and smells in their environments. They learn how to interact with their parents, siblings,  friends, and other people important to their world. When they enter school, children learn basic academic subjects such as reading, writing, and mathematics. They also continue to learn a great deal outside the classroom. They learn which behaviors are likely to be rewarded and which are likely to  be punished. They learn social skills for interacting with other children. After they finish school, people must learn to adapt to the many major changes that affect their lives, such as getting married, raising children, and finding and keeping a job.

Because learning continues throughout our lives and affects almost everything we do, the study of learning is important in many different fields. Teachers need to understand the best ways to educate children. Psychologists, social workers, criminologists, and other human-service workers need to understand how certain experiences change people’s behaviors. Employers, politicians,  and advertisers make use of the principles of learning to influence the behavior of workers, voters, and consumers.

Learning is closely related to memory, which is the storage of information  in  the  brain.  Psychologists who study memory are interested in how the brain stores knowledge, where this storage takes place, and how the brain later retrieves knowledge when we need it. In contrast, psychologists who study learning are more interested in behavior and how behavior changes as a result  of  a person’s experiences.

There are many forms of learning, ranging from simple to complex. Simple forms  of  learning  involve a single stimulus. A stimulus is anything perceptible to the senses, such as a sight, sound, smell, touch, or taste. In a form of learning known as classical conditioning, people learn to associate two stimuli that occur in sequence, such as lightning followed by thunder. In operant conditioning, people learn by forming an association between a behavior and its consequences (reward or punishment). People and animals can also learn by observation - that is, by watching others perform behaviors. More complex forms of learning include learning languages, concepts, and motor skills.

It can be inferred from the passage that social workers, employers, and politicians concern themselves with the study of learning because they need to                 

A. change the behaviours of the objects of their interest towards learning

B. make the objects of their interest more aware of the importance of learning

C. thoroughly understand the behaviours of the objects of their interest

D. understand how a stimulus relates to the senses of the objects of their interest

. - Huong: “That millions of people attended General Vo Nguyen Giap’s funeral made a special impression on almost every foreigner.”

- Lan: “___________.”

A. My pleasure    

B. Me neither                 

C. I’m afraid I can’t        

D. I’ll say 

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B , C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

Speech is one of the most important (13) ______ communicating. It consists of far more than just making noises. To talk and also to (14) ______ by other people, we have to speak a language, that is, we have to use combinations of (15) ______ that everyone agrees to stand for a particular object or idea. Communication would be impossible if everyone made up their own language.

Learning a language properly is very (16)______ . The basic (17) ______ of English is not very large, and not only about 2,000 words are needed to speak it quite (18)______. But the more idea you can (19) ______ the more precise you can be about their exact meaning.

Words are the (20) ______ thing we use in communicating what we want to say. The way we (21)______ the words is also very important. Our tone of voice can express many emotions and (22) ______ whether we are pleasedor angry, for instance

Điền vào ô 17

A. grammar                  

B. structure                 

C. vocabulary              

D. word

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

           In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such as language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. Although they are important, these visible expressions of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the iceberg of culture. Much of culture is taught and learned implicitly, or outside awareness. Thus, neither cultural insiders nor cultural outsiders are aware that certain “invisible” aspects of their culture exist.

          Invisible elements of culture are important to us. For example, how long we can be late before being impolite, what topics we should avoid in a conversation, how we show interest or attention through listening behaviour, what we consider beautiful or ugly- these are all aspects of culture that we learn and use without being aware of it. When we meet other people whose invisible cultural assumptions differ from those we have learned implicitly, we usually do not recognize their behaviour as cultural in origin.

           Differences in invisible culture can cause problems in cross-cultural relations. Conflicts may arise when we are unable to recognize others’ behavioural differences as cultural rather than personal. We tend to misinterpret other people’s behaviour, blame them, or judge their intentions or competence without realizing that we are experiencing cultural rather than individual differences.

           Formal organizations and institutions, such as schools, hospitals, workplaces, governments, and the legal system are collection sites for invisible cultural differences. If the differences were more visible, we might have less misunderstanding. For example, if we met a man in a courthouse who was wearing exotic clothes, speaking a language other than ours, and carrying food that looked strange, we would not assume that we understood his thoughts and feelings or that he understood ours. Yet when such a man is dressed similarly to us, speaks our language, and does not differ from us in other obvious ways, we may fail to recognize the invisible cultural differences between us. As a result, mutual misunderstanding may arise.

The author implies that institutions such as schools and workplaces ________.

A. reinforce invisible cultural differences

B. are aware of cultural differences

C. share a common culture 

D. teach their employees about cultural differences

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions.

He showed himself a good student. He proved himself a good athlete.

A. Not only he showed himself a good student but he also proved himself a good athlete.

B. He did not show himself a good student but he proved himself a good athlete.

C. A good student not only showed him but he also proved himself a good athlete.

D. Not only did he show himself a good student but he also proved himself a good athlete.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is OPPOSITE in meaning to each of the following questions.

I must have a watch since punctuality is imperative in my new job.

A. being on time  

B. being cheerful   

C. being efficient   

D. being late

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

         Children (37) _____ this and other Finnish public schools are given not only basic subject instruction in math, language and science, but learning-through-play-based preschools and kindergartens, training in second languages, arts, crafts, music, physical education, ethics, and, amazingly, as many as four outdoor free-play breaks per day, each (38) _______ 15 minutes between classes, no matter how cold or wet the weather is. Educators and parents here believe that these breaks are a powerful engine of learning that improves almost all the “metrics” that (39) _______ most for children in school – executive function, concentration and cognitive focus, behavior, well-being, attendance, physical health, and yes, test scores, too.

        The homework load for children in Finland varies by teacher, but is lighter overall than most other developed countries. This insight is supported by research, (40) ______ has found little academic benefit in childhood for any (41) _______ than brief sessions of homework until around high school.

Điền vào số (39)

A. mean               

B. relate                

C. matter               

D. happen