PART 2: EXERCISES A. PHONETICS I. Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined. 1. A. dinner B. disappear C. discover D. dinosaur 2. A. robot B. robe C. rock D. role 3. A. constant B. modern C. obvious D. robot 4. A. continue B. finish C. likely D. instant 5. A. annual B. basic C. average D. capacity II. Choose the word which has a different stress pattern from the others. 1. A. importance B. happiness C. employment D. relation 2. A. possible B. cultural C. confident D. supportive 3. A. office B. nature C. result D. farmer 4. A. difficult B. popular C. effective D. national 5. A. answer B. reply C. singer D. future B. VOCABUALRY AND GRAMMAR 1. Choose the correct word in the bracket to complete the sentences. deforestation heat-related emissions extinction absorb catastrophic footprint diversity preserve infectious 1. Global warming has proved truly ______________________________________ for the environment. 2. Having measured the company's carbon _________________________________, they realised that the amount of carbon dioxide (CO) it produced was great. 3. Rainforests have the highest species ________________________________ on the earth. 4. We need to ________________________________ the diversity of wildlife because each species has an important role to play. 5. Scientists have warned about the relationship between climate change and the spread of ________________________________ diseases. 6. The alarming rate of ________________________________ results in damage to the quality of the land. 7. The increase in the earth's temperature can cause _________________________________ illnesses which can be dangerous to people. 8. A large amount of carbon dioxide ________________________________ are released into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels. 9. Many species are threatened with _____________________________ due to deforestation and loss of habit. 10. More trees should be planted as they ___________________________ carbon dioxide and give off oxygen. IL. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form the word that fits in the gap in the same line. 1. Global warming may lead to _____________________ weather events, including heat waves, floods, and powerful storms, which could affect people's lives. (EXTREMELY) 2. Every one of us can help to protect and sustain our environment by _____________________ our consumption habits. (CHANGE) 3. Even slight increase in the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can cause a _____________________ rise in temperature. (SIGNIFICANCE) 4. There is a _____________________ between the recent droughts and climate change. (CONNECT) 5. Farming contributes more than 30 percent of the total greenhouse gas _____________________. (EMIT) 6. The overuse of chemical _____________________ is a serious threat to the environment. (FERTILIZE) 7. Global warming is the increase in the earth's average surface temperature due to the warming _____________________ of greenhouse gases. (EFFECTIVE) 8. The main cause of _____________________ warming is the burning of fossil fuels, such as natural gas, oil, and coal. (GLOBE) 9. The _____________________ of the earth's atmosphere causes sea-level rise. (WARM) 10. Many animal species are in danger of extinction due to the loss of their habitat and inability to _____________________ to climate change. (ADAPTION) III. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the sentences. 1. Developed countries are responsible for 80% of the ____ carbon dioxide that is already in the atmosphere. A. man-made B. men-made C. man-making D. man-mades 2. The government must take ____ to cut vehicle emissions. A. measures B. repeat C. discover D. ban 3. They didn't forget ____ a short vacation in Cuc Phuong National Park last year. A. being spent B. having been spent C. to spend D. having spent 4. The effects of climate change on humans and nature are ____. A. catastrophic B. temperature C. global D. risk 5. A layer of greenhouse gases primarily water vapor, and carbon dioxide - acts as a ____ blanket for the Earth, absorbing heat and warming the surface. A. heat B. heating C. thermal D. hot 6. We admired the Japanese ____ the city of Fukushima after the disaster. A. to being rebuilt B. for having rebuilt C. to rebuild D. of having rebuilt 7. We need to preserve the ____ of wildlife because each species has an important role to play. A. diversity B. various C. population D. type 8. Most climate scientists agree the main cause of the current global warming trend is human expansion of the greenhouse ____. A. gas B. damage C. cause D. effect 9. ____ trees around the house on the south and west sides, they can save up to about $250 a year on cooling and heating. A. Having planted B. Being planted C. To plant D. To have planted 10. The increase in the earth's temperature can cause ____illness which can be dangerous to people. A. heat-related B. heat-relate C. heat-relating D. heated-relate 11. Certain ____ in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide, block heat from escaping. A. gases B. layers C. effects D. emissions 12. Having developed green technologies with low-carbon emissions, ____ intends to get rid of coal. A. that country B. the communities C. the effort D. the possibility 13. Carbon dioxide is one of the primary ____ gases that cause global warming. A. greenhouse B. house C. plant D. home 14. Carbon dioxide is released through ____ processes such as respiration and volcano eruptions and through ____ activities such as deforestation, land use change, and burning fossil fuels. A. man-made B. ordinary-man-made C. human natural D. natural-human 15. Vietnam has been named among the 12 countries most ____ for climate change by the World Bank. A. at danger B. in risk C. at risk D. ready C. READING I. Fill each of the numbered blanks in the following passage. Use only one word in each space. landslides biodiversity conditions temperature rainfall economic farmland impacts agencies support Vietnam Likely to Face Extreme Weather Conditions by 2050 Vietnam is likely to continue facing extreme weather (1) _____________________ such as higher (2) ____________________, lower summer rainfalls, stronger storms, and rising sea levels from now to 2050. Temperature in northern Vietnam will rise by between 0.83 degrees Celsius by 2050 and continue its uptrend during the late 21st century. Summer (3) ____________________ will decline in most areas. Meanwhile, storms may become rarer but fiercer, causing possible flash floods and (4) _____________________ in flood-prone areas of northern mountains, central and central highland provinces. The forecasts suggest sea level rise of 100mm-400mm along the entire Vietnamese coast by the end of the 21st century, affecting marine (5) _____________________ and coastal communities. The experts emphasize the unpredictability of climate change and its potential (6) _____________________ to create a variety of dangerous extreme weather events in the future. To raise the public awareness of climate change impacts, the Vietnamese government urges concerned (7) ____________________ to work together on devising worst-case scenario models and responses by 2020 and calls on international experts to further (8) ____________________ Vietnam in climate change adaptation. Climate change is a real threat to Viet Nam's socio-(9) ______________________ development. If sea levels rose one meter, five percent of the country's land, eleven percent of its population and percent of its (10) ____________________ would be affects. II. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the following passage. Consequences of Global Warming on Wildlife Increasing global temperatures are expected to (1) ____ ecosystems, pushing extinction to those species that cannot adapt. The first comprehensive assessment of the extinction risk (2) ____ global warming found that more than 1 million species could be extinctive by 2050 if the current rate continues. A recent study of (3) ____ 2,000 species of plants and animals discovered movement toward the poles at an average rate 3.8 miles per decade. The latest climate change report found that approximately 20 to 30 percent of plant and animal species assessed so far are likely to be at (4) ____ risk of extinction if global average temperature increases by more than 2.7 to 4.5 degree Fahrenheit. (5) ____ polar bears are drowning because they have to swim longer distances to reach ice floes. The U.S. Geological Survey has predicted that (6) ____ of the world's polar bear populations will be extinct by the mid-century due to melting of the Arctic ice cap. The ocean will continue to become more acidic due to carbon dioxide emissions. (7) ____ this acidification, species with hard calcium carbonate shells are vulnerable, as are coral reefs, (8) ____ are vital to ocean ecosystems. Scientists predict that a 3.6 degree Fahrenheit increase (9) ____ temperature would (10) ____ out 97 percent of the world's coral feels. 1. A. endanger B. benefit C. harm D. use 2. A. to B. from C. off D. on 3. A. nearly B. near C. relatively D. wealthy 4. A. declined B. born C. presented D. increased 5. A. Some B. Few C. More D. Little 6. A. two-third B. two-thirds C. two-three D. two-thirdth 7. A. As B. Due C. Because D. Because of 8. A. that B. when C. which D. who 9. A. away B. in C. at D. of 10. A. send B. broke C. wipe D. lay III. Read the passage and choose the best answer. The world's oceans have warmed 50 percent faster over the last 40 years than previously thought due to climate change, Australian and US climate researchers reported Wednesday. Higher ocean temperatures expand the volume of water, contributing to a rise in sea levels that is submerging small island nations and threatening to wreak havoc in low-lying, densely populated delta regions around the globe. The study, published in the British journal Nature, adds to a growing scientific chorus of warnings about the pace and consequences rising oceans. It also serves as a corrective to a massive report issued last year by the Nobel-winning UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), according to the authors. Rising sea levels are driven by two things: the thermal expansion of sea water, and additional water from melting sources of ice. Both processes are caused by global warming. The ice sheet that sits atop Greenland, for example, contains enough water to raise world ocean levels by seven metres (23 feet), which would bury sea-level cities from Dhaka to Shanghai. Trying to figure out how much each of these factors contributes to rising sea levels is critically important to understanding climate change, and forecasting future temperature rises, scientists say. But up to now, there has been a perplexing gap between the projections of computer-based climate models, and the observations of scientists gathering data from the oceans. The new study, led by Catia Domingues of the Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, is the first to reconcile the models with observed data. Using new techniques to assess ocean temperatures to a depth of 700 metres (2,300 feet) from 1961 to 2003, it shows that thermal warming contributed to a 0.53 millimetre-per-year rise in sea levels rather than the 0.32 mm rise reported by the IPCC. 1. Ultimately, the new study should help scientists to ____. A. lower water levels. B. better predict climate change. C. bury sea-level cities like Dhaka and Shanghai. 2. The rise in water levels is especially dangerous for small island nations and ____. A. low-lying urban areas. B. all coastal cities. C. people who live on the beach. 3. What happens when the ocean's temperature rises? A. It causes sea levels to rise. B. It causes sea levels to remain constant. C. It causes sea levels to decrease. 4. What was the main finding of the study? A. not enough is being done about global warming. B. ocean waters have warmed faster than scientists had previously thought. C. the warming of the world's oceans is not a threat. 5. The new study ____. A. shows that thermal warming contributed to a 0.32 millimeter-per-year rise in sea levels. B. did not reveal anything that scientists didn't already know. C. used new techniques to assess ocean temperatures. D. WRITING I. Rewrite the sentences, using perfect gerunds. 1. Nam won a scholarship. We are excited about that fact. → We are ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Entering the room, I was surprised at what I saw. → When ____________________________________________________________________________ 3. The volunteers couldn't mow the old lady's lawns because of the rain. → The rain prevented __________________________________________________________________ 4. Since we have become too dependent on the use of electricity, we have to find alternative sources of energy before fossil fuels run out. → Having ___________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Tonya had dumped a lot of rubbish on the beach. She was strongly criticised for that. → Tonya was ________________________________________________________________________ 6. In the Tree Planting Competition, the students in Group 11G planted the most trees in the schoolyard. They were praised for that. → The students in ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 7. After she replaced all the light bulbs in her house with LED lights, she same a lot of money on her electricity bills. → Having ___________________________________________________________________________ 8. Sam had not worked hard enough in his previous job. He regretted it. → Sam regretted ______________________________________________________________________ 9. Someone had cut down the oldest tree in the park. The police suspected Mike of doing it. → The police suspected ________________________________________________________________ 10. Since the farmers used too much chemical fertiliser on their farm, they now have to drink polluted water. → Having ___________________________________________________________________________ 11. Denis had taken an active part in the Green Summer activities. He was rewarded for that. → Denis was ________________________________________________________________________ 12. After the students had learnt about the benefits of recycling and reusing, they started collecting waste paper, bottles, and cans to recycle and reuse. → Having ___________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ II. Rewrite the sentences, using perfect gerunds. 1. David did his homework and they went to bed. → After having _______________________________________________________________________ 2. It is easy for anyone to learn how to cook. → Learning _________________________________________________________________________ 3. Tony had rescued the kids from the fire. People admired him for that. → People ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. He had dumped lots of rubbish onto the beach. He denied it. → He denied _________________________________________________________________________ 5. After Ha had read some documents about Green Earth, she decided to join the organization. → Having ___________________________________________________________________________ 6. I have seen him before. I remember that. → I ________________________________________________________________________________ 7. You had saved the lives of hundreds of wild animals. Thank you for that. → Thank you ________________________________________________________________________ 8. They had hunted and killed many wild animals. Later they regretted what they had done. → They regretted _____________________________________________________________________ 9. Since Mai had refused Nam's offer of a lift in his car, she had to walk home. → Having ___________________________________________________________________________ 10. 'You've lied to us, the villagers said. The politician denied it. → The politician ______________________________________________________________________ 11. The factory had dumped tons of toxic waste into the river. It was heavily fined for that. → The factory _______________________________________________________________________ 12. Thanh had forgotten to turn off the gas cooker before he left his house. He admitted that. → Thanh admitted ____________________________________________________________________ III. Rewrite the following sentences using Perfect Participle. Ex: We switched off the lights before we went to bed. → Having switched off the lights, we went to bed. 1. Zoe had practiced a lot, so she was sure of her winning in the competition. __________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. The boy asked his mother's permission and then went out to play. __________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. As he had drunk too much, he didn't drive home himself. __________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. We have done two tests today, so we are exhausted. __________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. She filled the washing machine and switched it on. __________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. She had been to disco the night before and she overslept in the morning. __________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. We had worked in the garden all day and were sunburned in the evening. __________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. She had not slept for two days and therefore she wasn't able to concentrate. __________________________________________________________________________________________ 9. Since I had not seen him for ages, I didnt recognize him. __________________________________________________________________________________________ 10. I had not ridden a horse for a long time and I found it very difficult to sit on the saddle. __________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Rewrite the following sentences using After or Before. 1. I told him off. Then I realized I was wrong. → After having told him off, I realized I was wrong. 2. I worked very hard for the exam. Then I passed it. → Before ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. First I considered what to study. Then I decided to major in Maths. → After ____________________________________________________________________________ 4. She wrote a letter. Then she went to bed. → After ____________________________________________________________________________ 5. He bought a radio. First he checked the price. → After ____________________________________________________________________________ 6. They argued. Then they fought. → After ____________________________________________________________________________ 7. She went out for a walk. Then she had a fatal accident. → Before ___________________________________________________________________________ 8. She decided to go away. First she faced the matter. → After ____________________________________________________________________________ 9. We read the book, then we wrote the assignment. → Before ___________________________________________________________________________ 10. She watched the film, then she wrote a report. → After ____________________________________________________________________________ PART 3: TEST YOURSELF I. Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined. 1. A. sale B. serve C. sure D. sort 2. A. age B. altogether C. change D. college 3. A. mercury B. mermaid C. merriment D. servant 4. A. solar B. cost C. knowledge D. impossible 5. A. appear B. measure C. nuclear D. year II. Choose the word which has a different stress pattern from the others. 1. A. commitee B. scientific C. pagoda D. computer 2. A. lotion B. escape C. prefer D. review 3. A. commerce B. consent C. access D. advent 4. A. mysterious B. historical C. heritage D. particular 5. A. discriminate B. accurate C. transparent D. benevolent III. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the sentences. 1. Planting trees can contribute to reducing global warming as trees ____ and absorb CO in the air. A. capture B. pasture C. calculate D. appear 2. A strong greenhouse effect will warm the ocean and partially melt glaciers, increasing ____. A. sea level B. temperature C. sea water D. pollution 3. The next dry season will be extremely severe ____ further saltwater intrusion, water and rain shortages, and heat waves. A. due to B. thanks to C. because D. although 4. Climate change may lead to the extinction of many species and upset the ____ balance. A. ecological B. biology C. geography D. technology 5. Ocean water also will expand if it warm, ____ further to sea level rise. A. leading B. contributing C. getting D. making 6. Methane is a far more active ____ than carbon dioxide, but also one which is much less abundant in the atmosphere. A. climate change B. emission C. greenhouse gas D. greenhouse effect 7. The government must take measures to cut ____ emissions. A. vehicle B. transportation C. transfer D. convert 8. The cleaning of land for agricultural, industry, and other human activities have increased ____ of greenhouse gases. A. lots B. collections C. concentration D. attention 9. The low ____ in the Mekong Delta leads to acute saline instruction much deeper than the traditional 30 to 40 km of mainland that is contaminated with saltwater. A. water level B. salt water C. water currents D. sea level 10. Buying organic food is better for the environment because it uses less ____. A. fertilizer B. fertilize C. fertilizes D. fertilized 11. Humans ____ atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration by a third since the Industrial Revolution began. A. had increased B. were increasing C. Increase D. have increased 12. All of the disasters resulted from ____ will continue to have a devastating effect on socio-economic development. A. ecological balance B. carbon footprint C. floods D. climate change 13. The simplest way to reduce your ____ footprint is to cycle to school. A. carbon B. chemical C. chemistry D. dioxide 14. ____ the desalination plant, the company could offer an effective solution to the problem of water scarcity. A. Being built B. Having been built C. To build D. Having built 15. Sea level rise is usually regarded as Vietnam's main ____: a one-meter rise would submerge 40 percent of the country and make millions homeless. A. concern B. disaster C. hope D. destruction 16. Replace all the light bulbs in your home with ____ bulbs. A. energy-saving B. energy-save C. energy-saves D. energy-saved 17. The public praised the local farmers for ____ millions of trees of the surrounding hills. A. being planting B. having planted C. plant D. being planted 18. Leaving your DVD player on standby produces the same carbon ____ each year as the average person of Burundi. A. emissions B. releases C. eruptions D. appearance IV. Choose the correct word in the box to complete the sentences. capture greenhouse illnesses ecological emissions dioxide balance catastrophic climate energy 1. Carbon dioxide is one of the primary _______________________________ gases that cause global warming. 2. Deforestation is one of the biggest environmental threats to the __________________________ balance in the world. 3. There are many ways for us to reduce our carbon ___________________________ order to save our environment. 4. The effects of climate change on humans and nature are ___________________________. 5. I believe that the only way for us to reduce global warming is to cut down on ______________________ use. 6. Planting trees can contribute to reducing global warming as trees _________________________ and absorb CO2 in the air. 7. As global temperature rise, there are more cases of heat-related ___________________________. 8. Motor vehicles running on petrol are responsible for a large amount of carbon dioxide __________________. 9. Climate change may lead to the extinction of many species and upset the ecological ____________________. 10. Although global warming is causing changes in weather patterns, it is only one aspect of _______________ change. V. Choose the word in the box to complete the text. radiation networks overall flooding vulnerable systems throughout sensitive increased urbanization Global warming and cooling have occurred naturally (1) ___________________ history. But in the last 200 years, humans' uses of fossil fuels and clear cutting of forests have (2) ___________________ the amount of carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere. These gases trap some of the (3) ___________________ from the sun which then increases the Earth's temperature. Given the current state of environmental pollution caused by human activities, scientists believe the average temperature of the earth may increase 1-2 degrees Celsius which put simply, means some places will get much hotter and some much colder. At the same time, this (4) ____________________ warming effect means more frequent and more intense weather systems, especially in terms of flooding and drought. Vietnam is one of the most (5) ___________________ environments due to its location on the planet. It is already subject to some of the earth's most powerful weather systems and the increased frequency and intensity of storms will affect it often and directly, especially in coastal areas where most people live. Various estimates have been made as to the possible impacts. The most directly affected sector will be agriculture, which is very (6) ___________________ to flooding and the effects of extreme weather. Vietnam has the advantage of coming relatively late into the industrialization, (7) __________________, and modernization process. This means it can avoid many of the mistakes made by wealthier industrial countries. For example, wireless communication (8) ___________________ can be built from the start rather than installing lines that can be destroyed in extreme weather. Cities can be designed and located in less vulnerable locations. Climate-friendly building codes and standards can be created that are both more efficient and less prone to heat stress, wind damage, and (9) ___________________. Climate friendly transport (10) ___________________, especially public transport, can be adopted. VI. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the following passage. Global warming is primarily a problem of too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, (1) ____ acts as a blanket, trapping heat and the planet. (2) ____, the average surface temperature has increases more than one degree Fahrenheit since the late 1800s. Most of that increase has occurred over the past three decades. We are overloading our atmosphere with carbon dioxide, which traps heat and steadily drives up the planet's temperature. Carbon dioxide comes from the fossil fuels we burn for energy, such as coal, natural gas, and oil, and the loss of forests due to (3) ____, especially in the tropics. Within the scientific community, there is no debate. (4) ____ scientists agree that global (5) ____ is happening and that human activity is the primary cause. Global warming is already having significant and costly effects- and these consequences will only intensify as the planet's temperature continues to rise. Global warming is accelerating the (6) ____ of sea level rise and dramatically increasing coastal flooding risk. Climate change has significant effects for our health, including increased air pollution and a longer and (7) ____ intense allergy season. We must significantly reduce the heat-trapping (8) ____ we are putting into the atmosphere. As individuals, we can help by taking action to reduce our carbon footprint. Tropical deforestation accounts for about 10 percent of the world's heat trapping emissions. Reducing tropical deforestation can significantly lower global warming emissions and plays an integral role in a long-term solution to global warming. Sometimes it is difficult to achieve meaningful (9) ____ to global warming because misinformation about the truth of global warming misleads and confuses the public and makes it more difficult to carry (10) ____ effective solutions. 1. A. that B. which C. who D. when 2. A. Global B. Globaliness C. Globally D. Globe 3. A. deforestation B. culture C. relation D. afforestation 4. A. Most of B. Mostly C. Most D. Almost 5. A. wrapping B. proving C. offering D. warming 6. A. number B. rate C. amount D. part 7. A. more B. few C. less D. little 8. A. inclusions B. ceremony C. emissions D. creations 9. A. factor B. stories C. problems D. solutions 10. A. out B. in C. on D. away VII. Read a text about common wedding rituals in the USA and answer the questions that follow. One of the factors in global warming is carbon monoxide. The more carbon monoxide in the atmosphere, the less the atmosphere is able to clean itself. The result is a warming of the atmosphere, the so-called global warming, and possibly ozone damage. Earlier, it was found that carbon monoxide was concentrated in the Southern Hemisphere, and could be attributed to deforestation. Huge areas of forest and grasslands in South America and Africa have been burned, putting carbon monoxide into the atmosphere. Recently, however, the Southern Hemisphere has been found to be clean, while the Northern Hemisphere is more polluted than expected. The latest research was done during the northern winter. The high levels in the Northern Hemisphere could be because of this. In winter carbon monoxide is destroyed more slowly. There are also more fires burned in winter, and possibly industrial processes work harder. It could also reflect the ever-increasing number of cars on the roads. Optimists hope that the reason why the North has overtaken the South as the major area of carbon monoxide is that at last the burning has stopped, or at least slowed down. 1. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A Global warming. B. Carbon monoxide in the atmosphere. C. The warming of the atmosphere. D. Ozone damage. 2. Which of the following is NOT a reason for carbon dioxide? A. Ozone damage. B. Burning of forest. C. Traffic. D. Industry. 3. According to the author which of the following is a reason why in winter there is more carbon-monoxide in the atmosphere? A. Fewer factories are working. B. There is a decrease in the amount of traffic on the roads. C. Central heating means there are fewer fires nowadays. D. Carbon monoxide is not absorbed so fast. 4. Why are the optimists happy? A. People are buying more cars. B. There is more carbon dioxide in the North. C. They are possibly burning fewer forests in the Southern Hemisphere. D. Industry must be doing better. 5. What is the attitude of the author towards the new findings? A. He is biased in favor of the South. B. He is neutral. C. He agrees with the optimists. D. He is worried about the North. VIII. Rewrite the following sentences using the words in the brackets 1. Having been told about the dangers of chemical fertilisers, they turned to bio - fertilisers. (Because) __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Having spent the whole day cleaning up my room, I needed to take a shower and have a rest. (Because) __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Having finished all my homework, I watched my favourite film on TV. (After) __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Having watched the documentary about wildlife, I made a donation to an environmental society. (After) __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Having read the stories about people who reduced their carbon footprint, we started to change our daily consumption habits. (After) __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Having eaten my evening meal, I decided to go for a walk. (After) __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Having managed water resources irresponsibly, the authorities had to deal with water shortages in the region. (Since) __________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________