To prepare for the coming Games, all athletes are training hardly and strictly so that they will get the highest achievements.

A. To prepare

B. hardly

C. strictly

D. so that

Kip, nap ,doze ,forty winks ,shut-eye and snooze are all expressions we use to describe that mysterious state, sleep. We all do it ,we can’t get by without it and by the time we reach old age most of us have spent 20 years sleeping .Yet ,nobody knows why we do it.

Most scientists reckon that by resting our bodies, we allow time for essential maintenance work to be done .Any damage that there is can be put right more quickly if energy isn't being used up doing other things . Injured animals certainly spend more time asleep than usual while their wounds are healing. And quite a few illnesses make us feel drowsy so our body can get on with curing us.

Sleep is controlled by certain chemicals .These build up during the day , eventually reaching levels that make us tired. We can control the effects of these chemicals to some extent .Caffeine helps to keep us awake while alcohol and some medicines make us sleepy.

By using electrodes ,scientists are able to study what goes on in people’s heads while they sleep .They have discovered that when we first drop off everything slows down. The heart beats more slowly and our breathing becomes shallow. After about 90 minutes our eyes start to twitch and we go into what is called REM sleep. REM stands for Rapid Eye Movement ,and it’s a sign that we’ve started to dream .

You have dreams every night ,even if you don’t remember them.There are all sorts of theories about why we dream .One is that it gives the brain a chance to sort out the day’s activities , filling everything away in the right place. Another is that the brain gets bored while we’re asleep and organizes its own entertainment - a sort of late - night cinema !

A lot of people say they have to have eight hours ‘ sleep every night while others seem to manage on a lot less . One thing’s for sure , we all need some sleep and going without it can have some very strange effects .An American disc-jockey ,who stayed awake for 200 hours to raise money for charity ,thought things were bursting into flames all around him after 120 hours without sleep .He survived the ordeal but was depressed for three months afterwards.
51.Most scientists think we sleep because:
a.all our energy has been used up
b.our brains are tired and need to rest
c.our bodies contain too many chemicals 

52.What have scientists discovered about dreamming ?
a.Some people never dream
b.Most people dream for ninety minutes every night
c.People's eyes move when they are dreamming 
d.People dream for different reasons 

53.What does the writer say about the amount of sleep we need ?
a.Most people need eight hours sleep a night
b.Not everyone needs the same amount of sleep
c.People who don't get enough sleep get depressed
d.People who sleep too little start imagining things 

54.What does the writer say about people's and animals sleeping habits ?
a.People and animals have similar sleeping habits 
b.People would benefit from copying animal's sleeping habit
c.People need more sleep than animals 
d.Animals need more sleep than people

Exercise 1: Rewrite the following sentence in such away that it means almost the same as the sentence printed before it

 a. People say that Nam is good at playing guitar

=>Nam is said______________

b. It is said that you were in Paris theno

=>You_______________________________________

Exercise 2: Rewrite the following sentence using a present partiapial phrase

 a. There are some children who are playing in the backyard of the house

=>

b. Astronouts who are orbiting the earth in space capsules are weightless

 =>

II. Choose the correct answer.

1. Although the new library service has been very successful, its future is ................  certain. (at any rate, by no means, by all means, by any chance)

2. Sally has an .............  command of the Chinese language. (extreme, litter, outstanding, intensive)

3. The transport minister ...............  recent statistics to support the case for a reduction in the speed limit. (named, quoted, summoned, claimed)

4. The strike was.............. owing to a last-minute agreement with the management. (called off, broken up, set back, put down)

5. ................  the people who come to this club are in their twenties and thirties. (By and large, Altogether, To a degree, Virtually)

6. ................ what most people say about him, he has a very good sense of humour. (Opposite to, Against, Contrary to, Opposing)

7. You haven’t heard all the facts so don’t ................ to conclusions. (dash, fly, spring, jump)

8. Jane put her mistake ....................  to lake of concentration. (up, over, through, down)

9. Politicians should never lose .................  of the needs of the people they represent. (view, sight, regard, prospect)

10. Several passengers received minor injuries when the train unexpectedly came to a ............

.... (delay, stand, brake, half)

VII. Put in a suitable preposition and the correct form of the verb in brackets.

1. Thank you ................. (tell) us all about good news.

2. I’m tired .................... (study). I need a rest.

3. She’s very keen ................ (go) to art college.

4. Some of us are interested .................... (start) a discussion group.

5. The man was found guilty ......................... (steal) from his employer.

6. Is this car capable ...................... (get) us all way to our hometown?

7. John is really excited ...................... (go) to Los Angeles.

8. People objected ................  (have) (wait) too long.

9. He insisted ................ (tell) the whole truth.

10. I believe ..................  (discuss) things openly.

11. You ought to book in advance. you can’t rely.................... (find) hotel room

12. The tourists complained ...................... (not get) any sleep.

13. He apologized ..................... (not answer) my letter sooner.

14. I don’t approve....................... (smoke). I think it’s a disgusting habit.

15. He has succeeded................... (get) in touch with his old friend.

16 The heavy rain prevented the farmers .....................  (collect) the harvest.

17. People were annoyed.................... (not be) able to see properly.

18. He prefers (play) sports ................ (watch) them.

19. I’m grateful to her......................... (provide) me with so much information.

20. She’s not used .............................. (speak) in public.