41. _____ of wood, the house was clearly a fire risk.

A. Building           B. Having built              C. Built             D. To build

42. _____ nearly all our money, we couldn’t afford to stay at a hotel.

A. Having spent              B. Having been spent

C. To spend                    D. To be spent

43. _____ mainly as a writer of novel, James has now written a successful biography.

A. Being known           B. Knowing           C. Having known        D. Known

44. _____ quickly, I soon caught up with her.

A. Walking          B. Walked            C. Having been walked           D. To walk

45. Although _____ close to extinction, the rhino is once again common in this area.

A. being hunted                  B. hunting

C. having been hunted        D. having hunted

31. _____ many times I tell him, he always forgets to pass on phone messages.

A. Wherever               B. Whatever         C. However            D. Whenever

32. _____ where he tried to hide his favorite jacket, Jack’s brother always managed to find it.

A. Much as            B. However             C. Even though            D. No matter

33. _____, we tried our best to complete it.

A. Difficult as the homework was 

B. Thanks to the difficult homework

C. As though the homework was difficult

D. Despite the homework was difficult

34. _____ the history of the United States is not long, it is interesting.

A. Although               B. Despite of             C. Despite            D. In spite of

35. _____ smart he was, he couldn’t figure out how to solve the puzzle.

A. Although                  B. Much as         C. However             D. Despite

36. I got to class on time _____ I had missed my bus.

A. even though           B. nevertheless            C. because          D. despite

37. _____ show the relations among neurons, they do not the possibility that other aspects are important.

A. Neural theories                                B. A neural theory

C. Although neural theories                  D. However neural theories

38. _____ cold and exhausted, Andrew managed to walk home.

A. Despite                  B. Although             C. In spite of            D. Whatever

39. The young woman, _____, was visibly very happy after the birth of her child.

A. despite tired                               B. though tired

C. tired although she was              D. she was tired

40. We got on well when we shared a flat, _____.

A. in spite of the difference in our old

B. although the difference in our age

C. despite her being much older than me

D. in spite of the fact I was much older than her

21. _____ extremely bad weather in the mountains, we’re no longer considering our skiing trip.

A. Due to             B. Because             C. Since           D. Due to the fact that

22. Barbara is motivated to study _____ she knows that a good education can improve her life.

A. therefore             B. because of           C. because          D. so

23. I can’t ride my bicycle _____ there isn’t any air in one of the tires.

A. despite              B. since           C. although           D. but

24. Mike used to be an active person, but now he has to limit his activities _____ problems with his health.

A. nevertheless          B. in spite of         C. although            D. on account of

25. It should be easy for Peter to find more time to spend with his children _____ he no longer has to work in the evenings and on weekends.

A. even though           B. now that           C. due to           D. but

26. _____ Daisy has a new car, she no longer takes the commuter train to work. She drives to work every day.

A. Now that             B. While             C. Although             D. In case

27. I ask Mary to run the office while I’m away _____ I know I can depend on her.

A. unless            B. although            C. as          D. therefore

28. Animals have died _____ coming into contact with this chemical.

A. instead of                            B. regardless of

C. with the aim of                    D. as a consequence of

29. _____, the sails of a distant ship are visible fefore the bod of the ship.

A. Because the curve of the Earth

B. The curve of the Earth makes

C. The Earth, in that it curves, makes

D. As a result of the curve of the Earth

30. The prisoners were prevented from speaking to reporters because _____.

A. not wanting the story in the papers

B. the story in the papers the superintendent did not want

C. the public to hear the story

D. the superintendent did not want the story in the papers 

11. The house was _____ badly damaged in the fire to be repaired.

A. very             B. extremely                 C. so               D. too

12. I got on so well with my tutor _____ I treated him as my elder brother.

A. because            B. when              C. so that             D. that

13. He has _____ to do that he can’t go to the cinema with us.

A. so many work                         B. so much work                                              C. such a work                            D. such much work

14. _____ that I have no time to go with him.

A. I have so many things to do

B. I have so much things to do

C. I have too many things to do

D. I have such many things to do

15. I’m sorry, but I’ve got _____ much work to do to come to the beach today.

A. so                    B. such                C. enough                 D. too

16. She was _____ she couldn’t say anything.

A. so surprised of the news that

B. such surprised at the news that

C. so surprised at the news that

D. so that surprised for the news

17. Paul was _____ disappointed with his examination results that he was sad all week.

A. too                      B. enough                  C. so               D. such

18. _____ students attended the meeting that they weren’t enough chairs for all of them.

A. Too many           B. So many               C. So few           D. So much

19. The shirt in the window was _____ expensive for me to buy.

A. too            B. such               C. enough            D. so

20. The road is _____.

A. too slippery that we can’t drive fast

B. too slippery for us to drive fast

C. so slippery that we drove fast

D. so slippery for us to drive fast

1. I didn’t want to move _____ waking her up.

A. so as not to         B. in order not to          C. for fear of          D. lest

2. Helen turned the radio down _____ she should miss the phone ringing.

A. in order that           B. so that              C. lest            D. seeing that

3. Troops were sent solely _____ assisting refugees.

A. for the purpose of           B. for fear of         C. so as to           D. in order to

4. John got to work early _____ he could finish the report before the meeting.

A. in order to           B. in order that          C. so as to             D. such that

5. The leaflet has been produced _____ increasing public awareness of the disease.

 A. so as to                  B. with the aim of           C. in order to    D. by means of

6. He had to explain the lessons very clearly _____.

A. in order that his students could understand it 

B. so that his students to understand it

C. in order to his students to understand it

D. for his students in order to understand it

7. _____, he took his seat quietly.

A. So as to disturb our conversation

B. So that not disturbing our conversation

C. In order not to disturb our conversation

D. Not to disturb our conversation

8. I am studying hard _____ getting a place at a good university.

A. in order that              B. in order to          C. so as to          D. with the aim of

9. She built a high wall round her garden _____.

A. to enable people not taking her fruit

B. lest her fruit would be stolen

C. to prevent her fruit from stealing

D. in order that her fruit not be stolen

10. She came in quietly _____ not to wake the baby.

A. as if          B. so as            C. such as                  D. if so

Question 20: A waiter in a restaurant is talking to a customer who has just finished his meal there.             - Waiter: “Here’s your bill, sir.”    ~   Customer: “ __________ ”

         A. What do you have?                                           B. Can I pay by credit card?         

         C. You’re welcome                                                D. Don’t mention it.

Question 21: Ken and Tom are high-school students. They are discussing where their study group will  meet.

         Ken: "Where is our study group going to meet next weekend?"   Tom: “ ___________”

         A. Studying in a group is great fun.                       B. We are too busy on weekdays.

         C. Why don’t you look at the atlas?                      D. The library would be best.

Choose the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

Question 22: Cultural diffusion can be classified into four different types:  expansion, relocation, hierarchical, and contagious.  A. divided              B. put                            C. delivered                      D. spread

Question 23:Poor Farmer Chevez labors sixteen hours a day and never has time for a vacation. He deserves better! Everyone should have at least one day a week for rest and relaxation.                   

         A. plays                             B. eats                           C. works                            D. unions

Choose the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

Question 24: "Be quick! We must speed up if we don’t want to miss the flight."

         A. turn down                    B. slow down               C. look up                         D. put forward

25. When he passes the entrance exam, his parents will be walking on the air.

A. feeling extremely airy                                                 B. extremely happy

C. extremely light                                                            D. feeling extremely unhappy

Choose the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.

Question 26: People think that she was attacked by the terrorists last year.

A.    She is thought to be attacked by the terrorists last year.

B.     She is thought to attack by the terrorists last year.

C.     She is thought to have been attacked by the terrorists last year.

D.    She is thought to have attacked by the terrorists last year.

Question 27: "You had better see a doctor if the sore throat does not clear up," she said to me.

         A. She reminded me of seeing a doctor if the sore throat did not clear up.

         B. She ordered me to see a doctor if the sore throat did not clear up.

         C. She insisted that I see a doctor unless the sore throat did not clear up.

         D. She suggested that I see a doctor if the sore throat did not clear up.

Question 28: No one has ever seen the old man again since then.
A. The old man has not been seen again by anyone since then. B.  The old man has never seen anyone since then.
C. The old man was not seen by anyone since then.  D. The old man has not been seen again since then.

Choose the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions.

Question 29: She tried very hard to pass the driving test. She could hardly pass it.

         A. Because she didn‘t try hard to pass the driving test, she could pass it.

         B. Despite being able to pass the driving test, she didn‘t pass it.

         C. Although she did her best, she could hardly pass the driving test.

         D. She tried very hard, so she passed the driving test satisfactorily.

Question 30: We didn‘t want to spend a lot of money. We stayed in a cheap hotel.

         A. So as not to spend a lot of money, we stayed in a cheap hotel.

         B. In spite of spending a lot of money, we stayed in a cheap hotel.

         C. We stayed in a cheap hotel, but we had to spend a lot of money.

         D. We didn‘t stay in a cheap hotel as we had a lot of money to spend.

Question 31: “Don’t forget to submit your assignments by Friday,” said the teacher to the students.

A.  The teacher reminded the students to submit their assignments by Friday.

B.  The teacher allowed the students to submit their assignments by Friday.

C.  The teacher ordered the students to submit their assignments by Friday.

D.  The teacher encouraged the students to submit their assignments by Friday.

Question 32: He didn’t eat anything but small pieces of bread and butter.

A.  He ate small pieces of bread and butter but didn’t like them.

B.  He only ate some small pieces of bread and butter.

C.  He didn’t eat anything, not even the bread and butter.

D.  He didn’t touch the bread and butter, but he ate other things.

Question 33: Sometimes what is best for society is not always good for an individual living in that society.

A.From time to time, there is a conflict between the benefits of a society and an individual living in that society.

B.  Individuals not always seek for the best of the society they live in.

C.  It is impossible for individuals to accept the rules of the society they live in.

D.  What is best for individuals is always suitable for the society they live in.

Question 34: I had no sooner got to know my neighbors than they moved away.

A.  Soon after I got to know my new neighbors, I stopped having contact with them.

B.  If my new neighbors had stayed longer, I would have got to know them better.

C.  Once I had got used to my new neighbors, they moved somewhere else.

D.  Hardly had I become acquainted with my new neighbors when they went somewhere else to live.

Question 35: “No, no, you really must stay with us! said the children.

A.  The children denied my staying with them.

B.  The children refused to let me stay with them.

C.  The children didn’t agree to let stay with them.

D.  The children insisted on my staying with them.

Question 36: “I will come back early. I really will!”. She said.

A. She promised to come back early.                         B. She reminded me to come back early.

C. She refused to come back early.                            D. She offered to come back early.

Question 37: Friendly though she may seem, she’s not to be trusted.

A.  However friendly she seems, she’s not to be trusted,

B.  She’s too friendly to be trusted.

C.  However she seems friendly, she’s not to be trusted,

D.  She may have friends, but she’s not to be trusted.

Question 38: If I hadn’t had so much work to do I would have gone to the movies.

A.  Because I had to do so much work I couldn’t go to the movies.

B.  I would go to the movies when I had done so much work.

C.  A lot of work couldn’t prevent me from going to the movies.

D.  I never go to the movies if I have work to do.

Question 39: “If I were you, I would marry him”, she said to me.

A.  She said to me that if I were you, I would marry him.

B.  She said to me that she will marry him if she is me.

C.  She suggested to marry him if she were me.

D.  She advised me to marry him.

Question 40: I couldn’t have run my business successfully without my father’s money.

A.  Had it not been for my father’s money, I couldn’t have run my business successfully.

B.  I could have run my business successfully without my father’s money.

C.  If I could run my business successfully, my father would give me his money.

D.  If I couldn’t have run my business successfully, I would have had my father’s money.

Question 41: The film bears little resemblance to the original novel.

A.  The film and the original novel resemble in many ways.

B.  The film is very similar to the original novel.

C.  The film and the original novel differ in some ways.

D.  The film is completely different from the original novel.

Question 42: No one has sent me that letter.

A. I haven’t been sent that letter.                               B. I wasn’t sent that letter.

C. That letter hasn’t been sent me.                             D. That letter has sent to me by no one.

Question 43: “Why don’t you have your room repainted?” said Bob to Linda.

A.    Bob suggested having Linda’s room repainted.

B.  Bob asked Linda why she didn’t repaint her room.

C.  Bob suggested that Linda should have her room repainted.

D.  Bob suggested that Linda should repaint her room.

READING PASSAGE 3

History of telegraph in communication

Jean-Antoine Nollet was a French clergyman and physicist. In 1746 he gathered about two hundred monks into a circle about a mile (1.6 km) in circumference, with pieces iron wire connecting them. He then discharged a battery of Leyden jars through the human chain and observed that each man reacted at substantially the same time to the electric shock, showing that the speed of electricity's propagation was very high. Given a more humane detection system, this could be a way of signaling over long distances. In 1 748, Nollet invented one of the first electrometers, the electroscope, which detected the presence of an electric charge by using electrostatic attraction and repulsion.

After the introduction of the European semaphore lines in 1792, the world's desire to further its ability to communicate from a distance only grew. People wanted a way to send and receive news from remote locations so that they could better understand what was happening in the world around them—not just what was going on in their immediate town or city. This type of communication not only appealed to the media industry, but also to private individuals and companies who wished to stay in touch with contacts. In 1840 Charles Wheatstone from Britain, with William Cooke, obtained a new patent for a telegraphic arrangement. The new apparatus required only a single pair of wires, but the telegraph was still too costly for general purposes. In 1 845, however, Cooke and Wheatstone succeeded in producing the single needle apparatus, which they patented,and from that time the electric telegraph became a practical instrument, soon adopted on all the railway lines of the country.

It was the European optical telegraph, or semaphore, that was the predecessor of the electrical recording telegraph that changed the history of communication forever. Building on the success of the optical telegraph, Samuel F. B. Morse completed a working version of the electrical recording telegraph, which only required a single wire to send code of dots and dashes. At first, it was imagined that only a few highly skilled encoders would be able to use it but it soon became clear that many people could become proficient in Morse code. A system of lines strung on telegraph poles began to spread in Europe and America.

In the 1840s and 1850s several individuals proposed or advocated construction of a telegraph cable across the Atlantic Ocean, including Edward Thornton and Alonzo Jackman. At that time there was no material available for cable insulation and the first breakthrough came with the discovery of a rubber-like latex called gutta percha. Introduced to Britain in 1843, gutta percha is the gum of a tree native to the Malay Peninsula and Malaysia. After the failure of their first cable in 1850, the British brothers John and Jacob Brett laid a successful submarine cable from Dover to Calais in 1851. This used two layers of gutta percha insulation and an armoured outer layer. With thin wire and thick insulation, it floated and had to be weighed down with lead pipe.

In the case of first submarine-cable telegraphy, there was the limitation of knowledge of how its electrical properties were affected by water. The voltage which may be impressed on the cable was limited to a definite value. Moreover, for certain reasons, the cable had an impedance associated with it at the sending end which could make the voltage on the cable differ from the voltage applied to the sending-end apparatus. In fact, the cable was too big for a single boat, so two had to start in the middle of the Atlantic, join their cables and sail in opposite directions. Amazingly, the first official telegram to pass between two continents was a letter of congratulation from Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom to the President of the United States, James Buchanan, on August 16, 1 858. However, signal quality declined rapidly, slowing transmission to an almost unusable speed and the cable was destroyed the following month.

To complete the link between England and Australia, John Pender formed the British- Australian Telegraph Company. The first stage was to lay a 557nm cable from Singapore to Batavia on the island of Java in 1870. It seemed likely that it would come ashore qt the northern port of Darwin from where it might connect around the coast to Queensland and New South Wales. It was an undertaking more ambitious than spanning ocean. Flocks of sheep had to be driven with the 400 workers to provide food. They needed horses and bullock carts and, for the parched interior, camels. In the north, tropical rains left the teams flooded. In the centre, it seemed that they would die of thirst. One critical section in the red heart of Australia involved finding a route through the McDonnell mountain range and then finding water on the other side. The water was not only essential for the construction teams. There had to be telegraph repeater stations every few hundred miles to boost the signal and the staff obviously had to have a supply of water.

On August 22, 1872, the Northern and Southern sections of the Overland Telegraph Line were connected, uniting the Australian continent and within a few months, Australia was at last in direct contact with England via the submarine cable, too. This allowed the Australian Government to receive news from around the world almost instantaneously for the first time. It could cost several pounds to send a message and it might take several hours for it to reach its destination on the other side of the globe, but the world would never be the same again. The telegraph was the first form of communication over a great distance and was a landmark in human history.

Question 27 - 32

8.  

Question 27 - 32

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage In boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

Questions 33 - 40

Questions 33 - 40

Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 33-40 on your answer sheet.

33. Why did Charles Wheatstone’s telegraph system fail to come into common use in the beginning?

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34. What material was used for insulating cable across the sea?

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35. What was used by British pioneers to increase the weight of the cable in the sea?

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36. What would occur in the submarine cable when the voltage was applied?

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37. Who was a message first sent to across the Atlantic by the Queen?

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38. What animals were used to carry the cable through desert?

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39. What weather condition delayed construction in north Australia?

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40. How long did it take to send a telegraph message from Australia to England in 1872?

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