Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer answer to each of the questions

An air pollutant is defined as a compound added directly or indirectly by humans to the atmosphere in such quantities as to affect humans, animals, vegetation, or materials adversely . Air pollution requires a very flexible definition that permits continuous change. When the first air pollution laws were established in England in the fourteenth century, air pollutants were limited to compounds that could be seen or smelled – a far cry from the extensive list of harmful substances known today. As technology has developed and knowledge of health aspects of various chemicals has increased, the list of air pollutants has lengthened. In the future, even water vapor might be considered an air pollutant under certain conditions. Many of more important air pollutants such as sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides, are found in nature. As the Earth developed, the concentrations of these pollutants were altered by various chemical reactions; they became components in biogeochemical cycle. Theseserve as an air purification scheme by allowing the compounds to move from the air to the water or soil on a global basis, nature's output of these compounds dwarfs that resulting from human activities.

However, human production usually occurs in a localized area, such as a city. In this localized regions, human output may be dominant and may temporarily overload the natural purification scheme of the cycle. The result is an increased concentration of noxious chemicals in the air. The concentrations at which the adverse effects appear will be greater than the concentrations that the pollutants would have in the absence of human activities. The actual concentration need not be large for a substance to be a pollutant; in fact the numerical value tells us little until we know how much of an increase this represents over the concentration that would occur naturally in the area. For example, sulfur dioxide has detectable health effects at 0.08 parts per million (ppm), which is about 400 times its natural level. Carbon monoxide, however, as a natural level of 0.1 ppm and is not usually a pollutant until its level reaches about 15 ppm.

The word "these" in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to

A. the various chemical reactions

B. the pollutants from the developing Earth

C. the compounds mover to the water or soil

D. the components in biogeochemical cycles

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 31 to 35.

From the next year, every student in their final rear at our school will study for a compulsory Diploma of Practical Achievement. This will be in addition to the normal examinations. Up to now, the course has been optional, but from now on every student must (31)_____ it.The aim is to (32)_____ students with “life skills”, which the Diploma divides into eight categories. These cover a range of things relevant to life beyond school, from sending an e-mail to giving presentation to an audience. Under the heading “survival”, (33)___, students can learn car mainternance, first aid and cooking. We have discovered that many students cannot do simple things such as mend a puncture or boil an egg. At the other extreme, the Diploma includes such things as how to design a webpage and how to cope if someone has a heart attack. It has been called a “Diploma in Common Sense”. On the course, students will not be taught in the traditional (34)_____, but rather will be guided and encouraged to do things for themselves. This is above all a practical “hand-on” course. To a greater or lesser extent, good schools have always tried to (35)_____these skills. Unfortunately, students have not always shown much interest because such skills are not directly related to passing exams for higher education. We hope this will change now that we have a proper course that will lead to a recognised diploma.

Question 35:

A. grow

B. develop

C. make

D. do

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

Rock began in the USA in the early 1950s. At that time 'rhythm and blues’ music was very (106) ____ with black Americans. ‘R&B’ was a mixture (107) _____ black religious music and jazz. It had strong rhythms that you could dance to and simple, fast music.

 108) ____ the success of R&B music, white musicians started to copy the same style. By the mid 1950s, (109) _____ new while R&B music, called 'rock ‘n’ roll’ had become very popular. Singers like Elvis Presley and Bill Haley (110) ____ millions of teenage fans. Their music was fast and loud. Many older people thought that rock ‘n’ roll was very (111) ____.

By the early 1960s, even rock ‘n’ roll had become old-fashioned. Many of the songs had begun to sound the (112) ____. It was at that time that a new eroup from England became popular: The Beatles.

The Beatles first started (113 ) ____ singing American style songs, but they soon developed their own style, with more (114) ____ melodies. They also introduced different instruments, (115) ____ as the Indian sitar. Groups like The Beatles had a very important influence (116) ____ the style of popular music. By the (117) ____ 1970s, rock ‘n’ roll had developed into a new form of music. Electronics had (118) ____ the amplified guitars and drums of rock ‘n’ roll. Rock had arrived.

Question 106:

A. accepted

B. popular

C. common

D. famous

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

Every month, the volunteer group go to remote and mountainous areas to help those in need.

A. empty

B. faraway

C. crowded

D. poor

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer answer to each of the questions

An air pollutant is defined as a compound added directly or indirectly by humans to the atmosphere in such quantities as to affect humans, animals, vegetation, or materials adversely . Air pollution requires a very flexible definition that permits continuous change. When the first air pollution laws were established in England in the fourteenth century, air pollutants were limited to compounds that could be seen or smelled – a far cry from the extensive list of harmful substances known today. As technology has developed and knowledge of health aspects of various chemicals has increased, the list of air pollutants has lengthened. In the future, even water vapor might be considered an air pollutant under certain conditions. Many of more important air pollutants such as sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides, are found in nature. As the Earth developed, the concentrations of these pollutants were altered by various chemical reactions; they became components in biogeochemical cycle. Theseserve as an air purification scheme by allowing the compounds to move from the air to the water or soil on a global basis, nature's output of these compounds dwarfs that resulting from human activities.

However, human production usually occurs in a localized area, such as a city. In this localized regions, human output may be dominant and may temporarily overload the natural purification scheme of the cycle. The result is an increased concentration of noxious chemicals in the air. The concentrations at which the adverse effects appear will be greater than the concentrations that the pollutants would have in the absence of human activities. The actual concentration need not be large for a substance to be a pollutant; in fact the numerical value tells us little until we know how much of an increase this represents over the concentration that would occur naturally in the area. For example, sulfur dioxide has detectable health effects at 0.08 parts per million (ppm), which is about 400 times its natural level. Carbon monoxide, however, as a natural level of 0.1 ppm and is not usually a pollutant until its level reaches about 15 ppm.

The word "detectable" in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to

A. beneficial

B. special

C. measurable

D. separable