Read the following passage and mark the letter on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer

Before photography was invented in 1839, painted portraits, and engravings based on them, were one of the few ways to record likenesses. From the Colonial era through the 1820s, portraiture was the most widely practiced genre of American art, and it continued to be a significant form through the 19th century. The demand for likenesses was incessant, and portraiture was often the primary source of income for artists. Artists frequently made portraits of famous people to attract interest and potential patrons. For example, in 1834 Chester Harding painted frontiersman Davy Crockett, then a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, for display in his Boston gallery.

A consistent belief through most of the 18th and 19th centuries was that character could be read from a person's face, or the bumps on his or her head, or from facial expressions, and that portraits should convey these indicators of character. These theories of physiognomy and phrenology have since been debunked, but they were important considerations in depicting the nation's leaders, since such portraits were often made for posterity. Most people had only one portrait painted in their lifetime, if at all, so artists were selected with great care, and expectations were high.

Before the 1840s, American portraiture was influenced primarily by English techniques, poses, compositions and gestures, and many artists received at least part of their training in England. Even canvas sizes followed the British example. Portraits made on commission were priced according to canvas size and the materials and labor involved.

In the late 19th century as European portraitists began traveling to the United States to acquire commissions from the growing upper class, American artists increasingly felt they needed to train abroad in order to succeed at home. Paris continued to be the main lure. as painters such as Eakins, Whistler, Beaux and Sargent went to study there. Some of America's best-known portraitists, in fact, became expatriates.

What does the passage mainly discussed? 

A. art in 19th century America

B. portraiture in 19th century America 

C. the early years of photography

D. the influence of other countries on

Either Mr. Anderson or Ms Wiggins are going to teach our class today.

A. or                     

B. are                             

C. Either              

D.  today

Read the following passage and mark the letter on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each blank.

We are descendents of the ice age. Periods of glaciation have spanned the whole of human existence for the past 2 million years. The rapid melting of the continental glaciers at the end of the last ice age spurred one of the most dramatic climate changes in the history of the planet. During this interglacial time, people were caught up in a cataclysm of human accomplishment, including the development of agriculture and animal husbandry. Over the past few thousand years, the Earth’s climate has been extraordinarily beneficial, and humans have prospered exceedingly well under a benign atmosphere.

Ice ages have dramatically affected life on Earth almost from the very beginning. It is even possible that life itself significantly changed the climate. All living organisms pull carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and eventually store it in sedimentary rocks within the Earth’s crust. If too much carbon dioxide is lost, too much heat escapes out into the atmosphere. This can cause the Earth to cool enough for glacial ice to spread across the land.

In general the reduction of the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been equalized by the input of carbon dioxide from such events as volcanic eruptions. Man, however, is upsetting the equation by burning fossil fuels and destroying tropical rain forests, both of which release stored carbon dioxide. This energizes the greenhouse effect and causes the Earth to warm. If the warming is significant enough, the polar ice caps eventually melt.

The polar ice caps drive the atmospheric and oceanic circulation systems. Should the ice caps melt, warm tropical waters could circle the globe and make this a very warm, inhospitable planet.

Over the past century, the global sea level has apparently risen upwards of 6 inches, mainly because of the melting of glacial ice. If present warming trends continue, the seas could rise as much as 6 feet by the next century. This could flood coastal cities and fertile river deltas, where half the human population lives. Delicate wetlands, where many marine species breed, also would be reclaimed by the sea. In addition, more frequent and severe storms would batter coastal areas, adding to the disaster of the higher seas.

The continued melting of the great ice sheets in polar regions could cause massive amounts of ice to crash into the ocean. This would further raise the sea level and release more ice, which could more than double the area of sea ice and increase correspondingly the amount of sunlight reflected back into space. The cycle would then be complete as this could cause global temperatures to drop enough to initiate another ice age.

 According to the passage, carbon dioxide is stored in each of the following EXCEPT

A. polar ice caps.

B. sedimentary rocks.

C. rain forests.

D. fossil fuel.

Read the following passage and mark the letter on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each blank.

We are descendents of the ice age. Periods of glaciation have spanned the whole of human existence for the past 2 million years. The rapid melting of the continental glaciers at the end of the last ice age spurred one of the most dramatic climate changes in the history of the planet. During this interglacial time, people were caught up in a cataclysm of human accomplishment, including the development of agriculture and animal husbandry. Over the past few thousand years, the Earth’s climate has been extraordinarily beneficial, and humans have prospered exceedingly well under a benign atmosphere.

Ice ages have dramatically affected life on Earth almost from the very beginning. It is even possible that life itself significantly changed the climate. All living organisms pull carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and eventually store it in sedimentary rocks within the Earth’s crust. If too much carbon dioxide is lost, too much heat escapes out into the atmosphere. This can cause the Earth to cool enough for glacial ice to spread across the land.

In general the reduction of the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been equalized by the input of carbon dioxide from such events as volcanic eruptions. Man, however, is upsetting the equation by burning fossil fuels and destroying tropical rain forests, both of which release stored carbon dioxide. This energizes the greenhouse effect and causes the Earth to warm. If the warming is significant enough, the polar ice caps eventually melt.

The polar ice caps drive the atmospheric and oceanic circulation systems. Should the ice caps melt, warm tropical waters could circle the globe and make this a very warm, inhospitable planet.

Over the past century, the global sea level has apparently risen upwards of 6 inches, mainly because of the melting of glacial ice. If present warming trends continue, the seas could rise as much as 6 feet by the next century. This could flood coastal cities and fertile river deltas, where half the human population lives. Delicate wetlands, where many marine species breed, also would be reclaimed by the sea. In addition, more frequent and severe storms would batter coastal areas, adding to the disaster of the higher seas.

The continued melting of the great ice sheets in polar regions could cause massive amounts of ice to crash into the ocean. This would further raise the sea level and release more ice, which could more than double the area of sea ice and increase correspondingly the amount of sunlight reflected back into space. The cycle would then be complete as this could cause global temperatures to drop enough to initiate another ice age.

What does the final paragraph of the passage mainly discuss? 

A. The relationship between the ocean and the sun 

B. The amount of sunlight reflected into space 

C. A rise in global temperatures 

D. The conditions that could lead to an ice age

Read the following passage and mark the letter on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each blank.

We are descendents of the ice age. Periods of glaciation have spanned the whole of human existence for the past 2 million years. The rapid melting of the continental glaciers at the end of the last ice age spurred one of the most dramatic climate changes in the history of the planet. During this interglacial time, people were caught up in a cataclysm of human accomplishment, including the development of agriculture and animal husbandry. Over the past few thousand years, the Earth’s climate has been extraordinarily beneficial, and humans have prospered exceedingly well under a benign atmosphere.

Ice ages have dramatically affected life on Earth almost from the very beginning. It is even possible that life itself significantly changed the climate. All living organisms pull carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and eventually store it in sedimentary rocks within the Earth’s crust. If too much carbon dioxide is lost, too much heat escapes out into the atmosphere. This can cause the Earth to cool enough for glacial ice to spread across the land.

In general the reduction of the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been equalized by the input of carbon dioxide from such events as volcanic eruptions. Man, however, is upsetting the equation by burning fossil fuels and destroying tropical rain forests, both of which release stored carbon dioxide. This energizes the greenhouse effect and causes the Earth to warm. If the warming is significant enough, the polar ice caps eventually melt.

The polar ice caps drive the atmospheric and oceanic circulation systems. Should the ice caps melt, warm tropical waters could circle the globe and make this a very warm, inhospitable planet.

Over the past century, the global sea level has apparently risen upwards of 6 inches, mainly because of the melting of glacial ice. If present warming trends continue, the seas could rise as much as 6 feet by the next century. This could flood coastal cities and fertile river deltas, where half the human population lives. Delicate wetlands, where many marine species breed, also would be reclaimed by the sea. In addition, more frequent and severe storms would batter coastal areas, adding to the disaster of the higher seas.

The continued melting of the great ice sheets in polar regions could cause massive amounts of ice to crash into the ocean. This would further raise the sea level and release more ice, which could more than double the area of sea ice and increase correspondingly the amount of sunlight reflected back into space. The cycle would then be complete as this could cause global temperatures to drop enough to initiate another ice age.

 Which of the following does the author NOT mention as a consequence of a large rise in global sea level?

A. The destruction of wetlands

B. The flooding of cities 

C. A more diverse marine population

D. Severe storms

Read the following passage and mark the letter on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer

Before photography was invented in 1839, painted portraits, and engravings based on them, were one of the few ways to record likenesses. From the Colonial era through the 1820s, portraiture was the most widely practiced genre of American art, and it continued to be a significant form through the 19th century. The demand for likenesses was incessant, and portraiture was often the primary source of income for artists. Artists frequently made portraits of famous people to attract interest and potential patrons. For example, in 1834 Chester Harding painted frontiersman Davy Crockett, then a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, for display in his Boston gallery.

A consistent belief through most of the 18th and 19th centuries was that character could be read from a person's face, or the bumps on his or her head, or from facial expressions, and that portraits should convey these indicators of character. These theories of physiognomy and phrenology have since been debunked, but they were important considerations in depicting the nation's leaders, since such portraits were often made for posterity. Most people had only one portrait painted in their lifetime, if at all, so artists were selected with great care, and expectations were high.

Before the 1840s, American portraiture was influenced primarily by English techniques, poses, compositions and gestures, and many artists received at least part of their training in England. Even canvas sizes followed the British example. Portraits made on commission were priced according to canvas size and the materials and labor involved.

In the late 19th century as European portraitists began traveling to the United States to acquire commissions from the growing upper class, American artists increasingly felt they needed to train abroad in order to succeed at home. Paris continued to be the main lure. as painters such as Eakins, Whistler, Beaux and Sargent went to study there. Some of America's best-known portraitists, in fact, became expatriates.

In what ways did American artists try to gain greater success? 

A. by inviting European artists to America

B. by traveling abroad 

C. by becoming expatriates

D. by not only painting portraits________

Read the following passage and mark the letter on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer

Before photography was invented in 1839, painted portraits, and engravings based on them, were one of the few ways to record likenesses. From the Colonial era through the 1820s, portraiture was the most widely practiced genre of American art, and it continued to be a significant form through the 19th century. The demand for likenesses was incessant, and portraiture was often the primary source of income for artists. Artists frequently made portraits of famous people to attract interest and potential patrons. For example, in 1834 Chester Harding painted frontiersman Davy Crockett, then a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, for display in his Boston gallery.

A consistent belief through most of the 18th and 19th centuries was that character could be read from a person's face, or the bumps on his or her head, or from facial expressions, and that portraits should convey these indicators of character. These theories of physiognomy and phrenology have since been debunked, but they were important considerations in depicting the nation's leaders, since such portraits were often made for posterity. Most people had only one portrait painted in their lifetime, if at all, so artists were selected with great care, and expectations were high.

Before the 1840s, American portraiture was influenced primarily by English techniques, poses, compositions and gestures, and many artists received at least part of their training in England. Even canvas sizes followed the British example. Portraits made on commission were priced according to canvas size and the materials and labor involved.

In the late 19th century as European portraitists began traveling to the United States to acquire commissions from the growing upper class, American artists increasingly felt they needed to train abroad in order to succeed at home. Paris continued to be the main lure. as painters such as Eakins, Whistler, Beaux and Sargent went to study there. Some of America's best-known portraitists, in fact, became expatriates.

Despite the stage and screen portrayals of her, Cleopatra was not actually breaktakingly beautiful. 

A. Cleopatra was as beautiful as she has always been portrayed in films and plays. 

B. It is the way she has been portrayed on stage and screen that has given us our image of Cleopatra. 

C. Cleopatra will be remembered as the most beautiful woman in the world because of the films and plays about her. 

D. In spite of the way she is depicted in films and plays, Cleopatra was not really wildly attractive.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

          Very few people in the modern world obtain their food supply by hunting and gathering in the natural environment surrounding their homes. This method of harvesting from nature's provision is the oldest known subsistence strategy and has been practised for at least the last two million years. It was, indeed, the only way to obtain food until rudimentary farming and the domestication of wild animals were introduced about 10,000 years ago.

          Because hunter-gatherers have fared poorly in comparison with their agricultural cousins, their numbers have dwindled, and they have been forced to live in marginal environments, such as deserts and arctic wastelands. In higher latitudes, the shorter growing seasons have restricted the availability of plant life. Such conditions have caused a greater dependence on hunting, and on fishing along the coasts and waterways. The abundance of vegetation in the lower latitudes of the tropics, on the other hand, has provided a greater opportunity for gathering a variety of plants. In short, the environmental differences have restricted the diet and have limited possibilities for the development of subsistence societies.

          Contemporary hunter-gatherers may help us understand our prehistoric ancestors. We know from the observation of modern hunter-gatherers in both Africa and Alaska that a society based on hunting and gathering must be very mobile. While the entire community camps in a central location, a smaller party harvests the food within a reasonable distance from the camp. When the food in the area has become exhausted, the community moves on to exploit another site. We also notice seasonal migration patterns evolving for most hunter-gatherers, along with a strict division of labor between the sexes. These patterns of behavior may be similar to those practised by mankind during the Paleolithic Period.

A typical feature of both modern and prehistoric hunter-gatherers is that ____________. 

A. they don't have a healthy and balanced diet 

B. they live in the forests for all their life 

C. they don't have a strong sense of community 

D. they often change their living places