Read the following passage and choose the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

Vaccines have saved millions of lives in Europe and around the world. (18)___________, diseases like smallpox and polio have been eliminated from Europe, and many other once-common diseases are now rare.

When people get vaccinated, they (19)___________ serious illness and sometimes death from diseases that vaccines can prevent. Vaccination also helps stop the spread of diseases to family, friends, coworkers, classmates, and the larger community.

Vaccination is one of the most cost-effective ways to protect public health. (20)___________ of treating sick people. When most people in a community are vaccinated, diseases are less likely to spread. This can lead to “community immunity” (21)___________ but also vulnerable individuals like young children, the elderly, and people with weak immune systems.

For some infectious diseases, people cannot rely on community immunity. Tetanus is one such example, as it can develop as a result of common injuries such as cuts, scrapes and dog or cat bites. Vaccination is the only way (22)___________ tetanus.

Unlike a treatment given to cure an illness, vaccines are usually given to healthy people to prevent them from getting ill. The long-term benefits of getting vaccinated may not be immediately obvious, but (23)___________, many rare diseases could return.

Read the following passage and choose the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

Many of us with grandparents have heard them say we spend too much time on our phones and social media. Their opinions can be personal, (24)___________ what do they think about these platforms and “influencers”?

The term “older generation” can mean different things in different cultures. Generally, young people see anyone older than their parents as old. This research (25)___________ on people aged 45 and over.

Opinions among older people are not the same. Some older individuals follow influencers in areas like fitness, cooking, or fashion and have a positive opinion about them. They find content that (26)___________ them or helps them learn new skills. Every generation can find something useful on social media.

However, many older individuals may not view these platforms as positively as younger ones. They didn't grow up with modern technology, so using it can be hard. (27)___________ concern is that many think being an “influencer” is not a real job. They may also dislike fashion influencers (28)___________ share content that is too revealing.

In summary, regardless of age or culture, there's something for everyone online. While not everyone embraces this new digital style, it seems it is here to stay.

Read the following passage and choose the correct answer to each of the following questions.

1. Making life better for people is a key goal in the development of future cities. In 2021, a survey was conducted to check how livable different cities are, using the idea of a 15-minute city. Researchers asked residents how long it takes to reach important services. Cities that have services within a 15-20 minute walk or bike ride help people feel happier and more productive.

2. European cities are among the best at providing many services quickly, but they still have room for improvement. Other cities around the world are involving residents in city planning. This means city planners and citizens work together to create better places to live.

3. Examples include Melbourne, Australia, which introduced Plan Melbourne 2017- 2050 to drive city growth. The plan has introduced new bike lanes for greater citizen mobility and health, and includes a strategy to develop 20-minute neighborhoods.

4. In China, Chengdu has started the Great City plan to redesign its suburbs. This plan focuses on ensuring essential services are available within a 15-minute walk.

5. Cities are also using new technologies to improve health for citizens. After Covid-19, Earth Observation (EO) technology, supported by small satellites, helps health experts study diseases. Using past data and images from satellites helps them understand how diseases spread in cities. More cities are using EO satellites as launching them becomes cheaper.

Read the following passage and choose the correct answer to each of the following questions.

1. Even before modern medicine, people understood that a healthy lifestyle could improve the quality of life and help people live longer. Today, researchers are discovering ways to measure how different lifestyle choices impact our health. This information can help leaders create better community health programs and promote healthier living.

2. Many factors influence how long people live beyond just living healthily. One important idea is the "exposome." This term refers to all the environmental factors we encounter throughout our lives, such as pollution, stress, and diet. The exposome affects both our well-being and life expectancy. Understanding these factors can help researchers see how different exposures impact our well-being.

3. A mix of genetics and the environment also shapes health. Environmental factors can change how our genes work, which can affect how long we live. Studies of people who live to be over 100 years old have found specific genes linked to longer life. Their variations can influence how likely someone is to get sick.

4. Unhealthy habits like drinking too much alcohol, using drugs, and smoking can significantly increase the risk of serious diseases. Diet plays a crucial role as well. In some low-income countries, a diet with enough animal protein is considered healthy, while excessive meat and dairy consumption in wealthier nations can be risky.

5. An active lifestyle, which includes physical, mental, and social activities, is essential for good health. Social solid connections help keep our minds sharp. Research shows that being socially active can improve the quality of life and help people live longer. Promoting these healthy habits can support longer, healthier lives for everyone in our communities.