Cho a, b, c \(\ne0\) và a+b+c=0. Tính :
A= \(\dfrac{a^2}{a^2-b^2-c^2}+\dfrac{b^2}{b^2-c^2-a^2}+\dfrac{c^2}{c^2-a^2-b^2}\)
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Ta có a+b+c=0 => b+c=-a => a^2=b^2+2bc+c^2=> a^2-b^2-c^2=2bc
Tương tự ta có : b^2-c^2-a^2=2ca
c^2-a^2-b^2=2ab
=> a^2/2bc+b^2/2ca+c^2/2ab=(a^3+b^3+c^3)/2abc
=>Ta lại có a^3+b^3+c^3=(a+b+c)^3+
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Từ giả thiết ta có:
\(a+b+c=0\Rightarrow b+c=-a\Rightarrow\left(b+c\right)^2=a^2\)
\(\Rightarrow b^2+2bc+c^2=a^2\Rightarrow a^2-b^2-c^2=2bc\)
Tương tự:
\(b^2-c^2-a^2=2ca,c^2-a^2-b^2=2ab\)
Từ đây suy ra:
\(A=\dfrac{a^2}{2bc}+\dfrac{b^2}{2ca}+\dfrac{c^2}{ab}=\dfrac{a^3+b^3+c^3}{2abc}\)
Mặt khác lại có:
\(a+b+c=0\Rightarrow b+c=-a\Rightarrow\left(b+c\right)^3=-a^3\)
\(\Rightarrow b^3+c^3+3bc\left(b+c\right)=-a^3\Rightarrow a^3+b^3+c^3=-3bc\left(b+c\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow a^3+b^3+c^3=3abc\)
\(\Rightarrow A=\dfrac{a^3+b^3+c^3}{2abc}=\dfrac{3}{2}\)
Ta có: \(2\left(\dfrac{1}{ab}+\dfrac{1}{bc}+\dfrac{1}{ca}\right)=\dfrac{2\left(a+b+c\right)}{abc}=0\)
\(\sqrt{\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}}=\sqrt{\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}+2\left(\dfrac{1}{ab}+\dfrac{1}{bc}+\dfrac{1}{ca}\right)}\)
\(=\sqrt{\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)^2}=\left|\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right|\) là số hữu tỉ
Lời giải:
Đặt $\frac{x}{a}=\frac{y}{b}=\frac{z}{c}=t$
$\Rightarrow x=at; y=bt; z=ct$. Ta có:
$(x+y+z)^2=(at+bt+ct)^2=t^2(a+b+c)^2=t^2(*)$
Mặt khác:
$x^2+y^2+z^2=(at)^2+(bt)^2+(ct)^2=t^2(a^2+b^2+c^2)=t^2(**)$
Từ $(*); (**)\Rightarrow (x+y+z)^2=x^2+y^2+z^2$ (đpcm)
Ta có:
\(a^2=\left(-b-c\right)^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2-b^2-c^2=2bc\)
Tương tự ta cũng có
\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}b^2-c^2-a^2=2ca\\c^2-a^2-b^2=2ab\end{matrix}\right.\)
Thế vô ta được
\(A=\sqrt{\dfrac{3a^2}{bc}+\dfrac{3b^2}{ca}+\dfrac{3c^2}{ab}}\)
\(=\sqrt{\dfrac{3\left(a^3+b^3+c^3\right)}{abc}}\)
\(=\sqrt{3.\dfrac{\left(a^3+b^3+c^3-3abc\right)+3abC}{abc}}\)
\(=\sqrt{3.\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)\left(a^2+b^2+c^2-ab-bc-ca\right)+3abc}{abc}}\)
\(=\sqrt{3.3}=3\)
ĐPCM
Ta có: a+b+c=0
\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a+b=-c\\b+c=-a\\a+c=-b\end{matrix}\right.\)
Ta có: \(P=\dfrac{ab^2}{a^2+b^2-c^2}+\dfrac{bc^2}{b^2+c^2-a^2}+\dfrac{ca^2}{c^2+a^2-b^2}\)
\(=\dfrac{ab^2}{\left(a+b\right)^2-c^2-2ab}+\dfrac{bc^2}{\left(b+c\right)^2-a^2-2bc}+\dfrac{ca^2}{\left(c+a\right)^2-b^2-2ac}\)
\(=\dfrac{ab^2}{\left(a+b+c\right)\left(a+b-c\right)-2ab}+\dfrac{bc^2}{\left(b+c+a\right)\left(b+c-a\right)-2bc}+\dfrac{ca^2}{\left(c+a+b\right)\left(c+a-b\right)-2ac}\)
\(=\dfrac{ab^2}{-2ab}+\dfrac{bc^2}{-2bc}+\dfrac{ca^2}{-2ac}\)
\(=\dfrac{-ab\cdot b}{2ab}+\dfrac{-bc^2}{2bc}+\dfrac{-ca^2}{2ac}\)
\(=\dfrac{-b}{2}+\dfrac{-c}{2}+\dfrac{-a}{2}=\dfrac{-\left(a+b+c\right)}{2}=\dfrac{0}{2}=0\)
Ta có: \(a+b+c=0\Rightarrow a^2=\left(b+c\right)^2\Rightarrow a^2-2bc=b^2+c^2\)
\(\Rightarrow a^2-b^2-c^2=a^2-a^2+2bc=2bc\)
Tương tự: \(b^2-c^2-a^2=2ca;c^2-a^2-b^2=2ab\)
\(A=\dfrac{a^2}{2bc}+\dfrac{b^2}{2ca}+\dfrac{c^2}{2ab}=\dfrac{a^3+b^3+c^3}{2abc}\)
Lại có: \(a+b+c=0\Rightarrow-a=b+c\)
\(\Rightarrow-a^3=b^3+c^3+3bc\left(b+c\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow a^3+b^3+c^3=-3bc\left(b+c\right)=3abc\left(b+c=-a\right)\)
=> \(A=\dfrac{3abc}{2abc}=\dfrac{3}{2}\)