chứng minh rằng 1/3+2/3^2+3/3^3+..............+101/3^101 <3/4
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\(A=\frac{1}{3}+\frac{2}{3^2}+\frac{3}{3^3}+\frac{4}{3^4}+...+\frac{101}{3^{101}}\) (1)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{1}{3}A=\frac{1}{3^2}+\frac{2}{3^3}+\frac{3}{3^4}+...+\frac{100}{3^{101}}+\frac{101}{3^{102}}\) (2)
Trừ (1) cho (2):
\(\frac{2}{3}A=\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3^2}+\frac{1}{3^3}+...+\frac{1}{3^{101}}-\frac{101}{3^{102}}=B-\frac{101}{3^{102}}\)
\(B=\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3^2}+...+\frac{1}{3^{101}}\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{1}{3}B=\frac{1}{3^2}+\frac{1}{3^3}+...+\frac{1}{3^{101}}+\frac{1}{3^{102}}\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{1}{3}B+\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{3^{102}}=\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3^2}+..+\frac{1}{3^{101}}=B\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{2}{3}B=\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{3^{102}}\Rightarrow B=\frac{1}{2}\left(1-\frac{1}{3^{101}}\right)=\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{2.3^{101}}\Rightarrow B< \frac{1}{2}\)
\(\Rightarrow A=\frac{3}{2}\left(B-\frac{101}{3^{102}}\right)< \frac{3}{2}B< \frac{3}{2}.\frac{1}{2}=\frac{3}{4}\)
Ta có:
\(A=\frac{1}{3}+\frac{2}{3^2}+\frac{3}{3^3}+...+\frac{100}{3^{100}}+\frac{101}{3^{101}}\)
\(\Rightarrow3\cdot A=3\cdot\left(\frac{1}{3}+\frac{2}{3^2}+\frac{3}{3^3}+...+\frac{100}{3^{100}}+\frac{101}{3^{101}}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow3\cdot A=3\cdot\frac{1}{3}+3\cdot\frac{2}{3^2}+3\cdot\frac{3}{3^3}+...+3\cdot\frac{100}{3^{100}}+3\cdot\frac{101}{3^{101}}\)
\(\Rightarrow3\cdot A=1+\frac{2}{3}+\frac{3}{3^2}+...+\frac{100}{3^{99}}+\frac{101}{3^{100}}\)
\(\Rightarrow3\cdot A-A=\left(1+\frac{2}{3}+\frac{3}{3^2}+...+\frac{100}{3^{99}}+\frac{101}{3^{100}}\right)-\left(\frac{1}{3}+\frac{2}{3^2}+\frac{3}{3^3}+...+\frac{100}{3^{100}}+\frac{101}{3^{101}}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow2\cdot A=1+\frac{2}{3}+\frac{3}{3^2}+...+\frac{100}{3^{99}}+\frac{101}{3^{100}}-\frac{1}{3}-\frac{2}{3^2}-\frac{3}{3^3}-...-\frac{100}{3^{100}}-\frac{101}{3^{101}}\)
\(\Rightarrow2\cdot A=1+\left(\frac{2}{3}-\frac{1}{3}\right)+\left(\frac{3}{3^2}-\frac{2}{3^2}\right)+...+\left(\frac{101}{3^{100}}-\frac{100}{3^{100}}\right)-\frac{101}{3^{101}}\)
\(\Rightarrow2\cdot A=1+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3^2}+...+\frac{1}{3^{100}}-\frac{101}{3^{101}}\)
Khi đặt \(S=1+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3^2}+...+\frac{1}{3^{100}}\) thì ta sẽ có 2 điều:
- Điều 1: Khi đó:
\(2\cdot A=1+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3^2}+...+\frac{1}{3^{100}}-\frac{101}{3^{101}}\)
\(\Rightarrow2\cdot A=S-\frac{101}{3^{101}}\)
\(\Rightarrow2\cdot A< S\) ( 1 )
Điều 2: Khi đó:
\(S=1+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3^2}+...+\frac{1}{3^{100}}\)
\(\Rightarrow3\cdot S=3\cdot\left(1+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3^2}+...+\frac{1}{3^{100}}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow3\cdot S=3\cdot1+3\cdot\frac{1}{3}+3\cdot\frac{1}{3^2}+...+3\cdot\frac{1}{3^{100}}\)
\(\Rightarrow3\cdot S=3+1+\frac{1}{3}+...+\frac{1}{3^{99}}\)
\(\Rightarrow3\cdot S-S=\left(3+1+\frac{1}{3}+...+\frac{1}{3^{99}}\right)-\left(1+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3^2}+...+\frac{1}{3^{100}}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow2\cdot S=3+1+\frac{1}{3}+...+\frac{1}{3^{99}}-1-\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{3^2}-...-\frac{1}{3^{100}}\)
\(\Rightarrow2\cdot S=3+\left(1-1\right)+\left(\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{3}\right)+\left(\frac{1}{3^2}-\frac{1}{3^2}\right)+...+\left(\frac{1}{3^{99}}-\frac{1}{3^{99}}\right)-\frac{1}{3^{100}}\)
\(\Rightarrow2\cdot S=3+0+0+0+...+0-\frac{1}{3^{100}}\)
\(\Rightarrow2\cdot S=3-\frac{1}{3^{100}}\)
Do \(3-\frac{1}{3^{100}}< 3\) nên:
\(\Rightarrow2\cdot S< 3\)
\(\Rightarrow S< \frac{3}{2}\) ( 2 )
Từ ( 1 ) và ( 2 ), theo tính chất bắc cầu suy ra:
\(2\cdot A< \frac{3}{2}\)
\(\Rightarrow A< \frac{3}{2}:2\)
\(\Rightarrow A< \frac{3}{2\cdot2}\)
\(\Rightarrow A< \frac{3}{4}\) ( đpcm )
\(A=\frac{1}{3}+\frac{2}{3^2}+\frac{3}{3^3}+\frac{4}{3^4}+...+\frac{100}{3^{100}}+\frac{101}{3^{101}}\)
\(3A=1+\frac{2}{3}+\frac{3}{3^2}+\frac{4}{3^3}+...+\frac{100}{3^{99}}+\frac{101}{3^{100}}\)
\(3A-A=\left(1+\frac{2}{3}+\frac{3}{3^2}+\frac{4}{3^3}+...+\frac{100}{3^{99}}+\frac{101}{3^{100}}\right)-\left(\frac{1}{3}+\frac{2}{3^2}+\frac{3}{3^3}+\frac{4}{3^4}+...+\frac{100}{3^{100}}+\frac{101}{3^{101}}\right)\)
\(2A=1+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3^2}+\frac{1}{3^3}+...+\frac{1}{3^{99}}+\frac{1}{3^{100}}-\frac{101}{3^{101}}\)
\(2A=1+\left(\frac{1-\frac{1}{3^{100}}}{2}\right)-\frac{101}{3^{101}}< 1+\frac{1}{2}=\frac{3}{2}\)
\(\Rightarrow A< \frac{3}{2}:2=\frac{3}{4}\)( đpcm )
\(A=1+3+3^2+3^3+...+3^{101}\\=(1+3+3^2)+(3^3+3^4+3^5)+(3^6+3^7+3^8)+...+(3^{99}+3^{100}+3^{101})\\=13+3^3\cdot(1+3+3^2)+3^6\cdot(1+3+3^2)+...+3^{99}\cdot(1+3+3^2)\\=13+3^3\cdot13+3^6\cdot13+...+3^{99}\cdot13\\=13\cdot(1+3^3+3^6+...+3^{99})\)
Vì \(13\cdot(1+3^3+3^6+...+3^{99})\vdots13\)
nên \(A⋮13\).
Đặt \(S=\frac{1}{3}+\frac{2}{3^2}+.......+\frac{101}{3^{101}}\)
\(\Rightarrow3S=1+\frac{2}{3}+.......+\frac{101}{3^{100}}\)
\(\Rightarrow3S-S=\left(1+\frac{2}{3}+..+\frac{101}{3^{100}}\right)-\left(\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3^2}+..+\frac{101}{3^{101}}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow2S=1+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3^2}+....+\frac{1}{3^{100}}-\frac{101}{3^{101}}< 1+\frac{1}{3}+....+\frac{1}{3^{100}}\)
\(\Rightarrow6S< 3+1+........+\frac{1}{3^{99}}\)
\(\Rightarrow6S-2S< \left(3+1+....+\frac{1}{3^{99}}\right)-\left(1+\frac{1}{3}+....+\frac{1}{3^{100}}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow4S< 3-\frac{1}{3^{100}}< 3\Rightarrow S< \frac{3}{4}\)
Đặt \(A=\frac{1}{3}+\frac{2}{3^2}+\frac{3}{3^3}+...+\frac{100}{3^{100}}+\frac{101}{3^{101}}\)
\(3A=1+\frac{2}{3}+\frac{3}{3^2}+...+\frac{100}{3^{99}}+\frac{101}{3^{100}}\)
\(3A-A=\left(1+\frac{2}{3}+\frac{3}{3^2}+...+\frac{101}{3^{100}}\right)-\left(\frac{1}{3}+\frac{2}{3^2}+...+\frac{101}{3^{101}}\right)\)
\(2A=1+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3^2}+...+\frac{1}{3^{100}}-\frac{101}{3^{101}}\)
\(6A=3+1+\frac{1}{3}+...+\frac{1}{3^{99}}-\frac{101}{3^{100}}\)
\(6A-2A=\left(3+1+\frac{1}{3}+...+\frac{1}{3^{99}}-\frac{101}{3^{100}}\right)-\left(1+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3^2}+...+\frac{1}{3^{100}}-\frac{101}{3^{101}}\right)\)
\(4A=3-\frac{101}{3^{100}}-\frac{1}{3^{100}}+\frac{101}{3^{101}}\)
\(4A=3-\frac{303}{3^{101}}-\frac{3}{3^{101}}+\frac{100}{3^{101}}\)
\(4A=3-\frac{206}{3^{101}}< 3\)
=>\(4A< 3\)
\(\Rightarrow A< \frac{3}{4}\)