Cho S=1+1/2+1/3+.........+1/2^100-1
Chứng minh rằng S<100
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Đặt A=\(\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+\dfrac{1}{4^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{100^2}\)
\(A=\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+\dfrac{1}{4^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{100^2}\)
A=\(\dfrac{1}{2.2}+\dfrac{1}{3.3}+\dfrac{1}{4.4}+...+\dfrac{1}{100.100}\)
Ta thấy :
\(\dfrac{1}{2.2}< \dfrac{1}{1.2};\dfrac{1}{3.3}< \dfrac{1}{2.3};\dfrac{1}{4.4}< \dfrac{1}{3.4};...;\)
\(\dfrac{1}{100.100}< \dfrac{1}{99.100}\)
\(\Rightarrow A< \dfrac{1}{1.2}+\dfrac{1}{2.3}+\dfrac{1}{3.4}+...+\dfrac{1}{99.100}\)
Nhân xét :
\(\dfrac{1}{1.2}=1-\dfrac{1}{2};\dfrac{1}{2.3}=\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3};\dfrac{1}{3.4}=\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{4};\)
\(...;\dfrac{1}{99.100}=\dfrac{1}{99}-\dfrac{1}{100}\)
\(\Rightarrow A< 1-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}+...+\)
\(\dfrac{1}{99}-\dfrac{1}{100}\)
\(\Rightarrow A< 1-\dfrac{1}{100}\)
\(\Rightarrow A< \dfrac{99}{100}\)
Vì \(A< \dfrac{99}{100}< 1\)
\(\Rightarrow A< 1\)
Bài 1)
Đặt \(\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+\dfrac{1}{4^2}+.....+\dfrac{1}{100^2}\)
Ta thấy:
\(\dfrac{1}{2^2}=\dfrac{1}{2.2}< \dfrac{1}{1.2};\dfrac{1}{3^2}=\dfrac{1}{3.3}< \dfrac{1}{2.3};\dfrac{1}{4^2}=\dfrac{1}{4.4}< \dfrac{1}{3.4};....;\dfrac{1}{100^2}=\dfrac{1}{100.100}< \dfrac{1}{99.100}\)\(\Rightarrow\) \(\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+\dfrac{1}{4^2}+.....+\dfrac{1}{100^2}\) < \(\dfrac{1}{1.2}+\dfrac{1}{2.3}+\dfrac{1}{3.4}+....+\dfrac{1}{99.100}\)
\(\Rightarrow\) A < \(1-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{4}+......+\dfrac{1}{99}-\dfrac{1}{100}\)
\(\Rightarrow\) A < \(1-\dfrac{1}{100}\) < 1 \(\Rightarrow\) A < 1
Vậy \(\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+\dfrac{1}{4^2}+.....+\dfrac{1}{100^2}\)< 1
Ta có: \(S=\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{3^2}+\frac{1}{4^2}+...+\frac{1}{100^2}>0\) (1)
\(S=\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{3^2}+\frac{1}{4^2}+...+\frac{1}{100^2}< \frac{1}{1.2}+\frac{1}{2.3}+...+\frac{1}{99.100}=\frac{1}{1}-\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3}+...\)
\(+\frac{1}{99}-\frac{1}{100}=1-\frac{1}{100}< 1\) (2)
Từ (1) và (2) \(\Rightarrow0< \frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{3^2}+\frac{1}{4^2}+...+\frac{1}{100^2}< 1\)
\(\Rightarrow S\notin N\left(đpcm\right)\)
Ta có :
S= 1/51 +1/52 +..+1/100
Vì 1/51>1/52>...>1/100
=> S >1/100 * 50 =1/2 (1)
Vì 1/100 <1/99<...<1/51<1/50
=> S < 1/50 * 50=1 (2)
Từ (1),(2) => 1/2 < S<1
P=1/2^2+1/2^3+...+1/2^2018
2P=1/2 +1/2^2 +...+1/2^2017
=> 2P-P= (1/2 +1/2^2 +...+1/2^2017)-(1/2^2+1/2^3+...+1/2^2018 )
=> P=1/2 -1/2^2018 <1/2 <3/4
Ta có: \(\frac{1}{51}>\frac{1}{100};\frac{1}{52}>\frac{1}{100};...;\frac{1}{100}=\frac{1}{100}\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{1}{51}+\frac{1}{52}+...+\frac{1}{100}>\frac{1}{100}.50=\frac{1}{2}\)
\(\Rightarrow S>\frac{1}{2}\)
Ta có \(\frac{1}{51}< \frac{1}{50};\frac{1}{52}< \frac{1}{50};...;\frac{1}{100}< \frac{1}{50}\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{1}{51}+\frac{1}{52}+...+\frac{1}{100}< \frac{1}{50}.50=1\)
\(\Rightarrow S< 1\)
Ta có: \(\frac{1}{2^2}< \frac{1}{1.2};\frac{1}{3^2}< \frac{1}{2.3};...;\frac{1}{100^2}< \frac{1}{99.100}\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{3^2}+...+\frac{1}{100^2}< \frac{1}{1.2}+\frac{1}{2.3}+...+\frac{1}{99.100}\)
Mà \(\frac{1}{1.2}+\frac{1}{2.3}+...+\frac{1}{99.100}=1-\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3}+...+\frac{1}{99}-\frac{1}{100}=1-\frac{1}{100}< 1\)
=> A không phải là số tự nhiên