cho hình thang vuông abcd đường cao ab = a, đáy lớn bc = 2a, đáy nhỏ ad = a
tính tích vô hướng \(\overrightarrow{AC}.\overrightarrow{BD}\) từ đó suy ra giá trị của cos (\(\overrightarrow{AC}.\overrightarrow{BD}\))
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\(\overrightarrow{AC}.\overrightarrow{BD}=\left(\overrightarrow{AD}+\overrightarrow{DC}\right)\left(\overrightarrow{BA}+\overrightarrow{AD}\right)\)
\(=\overrightarrow{AD}.\overrightarrow{BA}+\overrightarrow{AD}^2+\overrightarrow{DC}.\overrightarrow{BA}+\overrightarrow{DC}.\overrightarrow{AD}\)
\(=\overrightarrow{AD}^2-\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{DC}=a^2-a.2a=-a^2\)
Ta có: \(AC = BD = \sqrt {A{B^2} + B{C^2}} = \sqrt {{a^2} + {a^2}} = a\sqrt 2 \)
+) \(AB \bot AD \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {AB} \bot \overrightarrow {AD} \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {AB} .\overrightarrow {AD} = 0\)
+) \(\overrightarrow {AB} .\overrightarrow {AC} = \left| {\overrightarrow {AB} } \right|.\left| {\overrightarrow {AC} } \right|.\cos \left( {\overrightarrow {AB} ,\overrightarrow {AC} } \right) = a.a\sqrt 2.\cos 45^\circ = a^2\)
+) \(\overrightarrow {AC} .\overrightarrow {CB} = \left| {\overrightarrow {AC} } \right|.\left| {\overrightarrow {CB} } \right|.\cos \left( {\overrightarrow {AC} ,\overrightarrow {CB} } \right) = a\sqrt 2 .a.\cos 135^\circ = - {a^2}\)
+) \(AC \bot BD \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {AC} \bot \overrightarrow {BD} \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {AC} .\overrightarrow {BD} = 0\)
Chú ý
\(\overrightarrow {a} \bot \overrightarrow {b} \Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow {a} .\overrightarrow {b} = 0\)
a) Ta có: \(AC = \sqrt {A{B^2} + A{D^2}} = \sqrt {2{a^2}} = a\sqrt 2 \)
\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {AB} .\overrightarrow {AC} = a.a\sqrt 2 .\cos \widehat {BAC} = {a^2}\sqrt 2 \cos {45^o} = {a^2}.\)
b) Dễ thấy: \(AC \bot BD \Rightarrow (\overrightarrow {AC} ,\overrightarrow {BD} ) = {90^o}\)
\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {AC} .\overrightarrow {BD} = AC.BD.\cos {90^o} = AC.BD.0 = 0.\)
\(\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{CD}=\overrightarrow{AB}\left(\overrightarrow{CB}+\overrightarrow{BA}+\overrightarrow{AD}\right)\)
\(=\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{CB}+\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{BA}+\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AD}\)
\(=0-\overrightarrow{AB}^2+0=-4a^2\)
1.
\(\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{BC}=\overrightarrow{AB}.\left(\overrightarrow{BA}+\overrightarrow{AC}\right)=\overrightarrow{AB}.\left(-\overrightarrow{AB}\right)+\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AC}=-AB^2=-25\)
2.
\(\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{BD}=\overrightarrow{AB}\left(\overrightarrow{BA}+\overrightarrow{AD}\right)=-\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AD}=-AB^2+0=-64\)
\(AC=\sqrt{AB^2+BC^2}=a\sqrt{5}\)
\(BD=\sqrt{AD^2+AB^2}=a\sqrt{2}\)
\(\overrightarrow{AC}.\overrightarrow{BD}=\left(\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{BC}\right)\left(\overrightarrow{BA}+\overrightarrow{AD}\right)\)
\(=-\overrightarrow{AB}^2+\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AD}+\overrightarrow{BC}.\overrightarrow{BA}+\overrightarrow{BC}.\overrightarrow{AD}\)
\(=-\overrightarrow{AB}^2+\overrightarrow{AD}.2\overrightarrow{AD}=-\overrightarrow{AB}^2+2\overrightarrow{AD}^2\)
\(=-a^2+2a^2=a^2\)
\(cos\left(\overrightarrow{AC};\overrightarrow{BD}\right)=\dfrac{\overrightarrow{AC}.\overrightarrow{BD}}{AC.BD}=\dfrac{a^2}{a\sqrt{2}.a\sqrt{5}}=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{10}}\)