Cho a,b,c \(\ge\)1. Tìm giá trị lớn nhất \(P=\frac{a}{a^2+b^2}+\frac{b}{b^2+c^2}+\frac{c}{c^2+a^2}+\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}}\)
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Cần chứng minh: \(\sqrt{a^2-ab+b^2}\ge\frac{1}{2}\left(a+b\right)\)
Thật vậy: \(\sqrt{a^2-ab+b^2}\ge\frac{1}{2}\left(a+b\right)^2\Leftrightarrow4\left(a^2-ab+b^2\right)\ge\left(a+b\right)^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow4a^2-4ab+4b^2-a^2-b^2-2ab\ge0\Leftrightarrow3\left(a^2+b^2-2ab\right)\ge0\Leftrightarrow3\left(a-b\right)^2\ge0\)(đúng)
Áp dụng:\(P=\frac{1}{\sqrt{a^2-ab+b^2}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{b^2-bc+c^2}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{c^2-ac+a^2}}\)
\(\le\frac{1}{\frac{1}{2}\left(a+b\right)}+\frac{1}{\frac{1}{2}\left(b+c\right)}+\frac{1}{\frac{1}{2}\left(c+a\right)}=2\left(\frac{1}{a+b}+\frac{1}{b+c}+\frac{1}{a+c}\right)=3\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi: \(a=b=c=1\)
Bài 1: Ta có \(\left(\frac{a^2}{b}-a+b\right)+b^2=\frac{a^2-ab+b^2}{b}+b\ge2\sqrt{a^2-ab+b^2}\) (áp dụng Bất Đẳng Thức Cosi)
\(=\sqrt{a^2-ab+b^2}+\sqrt{\frac{3}{4}\left(a-b\right)^2+\frac{1}{4}\left(a+b\right)^2}\ge\sqrt{a^2-ab+b^2}+\frac{1}{2}\left(a+b\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{a^2}{b}-a+2b\ge\sqrt{a^2-ab+b^2}+\frac{1}{2}\left(a+b\right)\left(1\right)\)
Tương tự ta có \(\hept{\begin{cases}\frac{b^2}{c}-b+2c\ge\sqrt{b^2-bc+c^2}+\frac{1}{2}\left(b+c\right)\left(2\right)\\\frac{c^2}{a}-c+2a\ge\sqrt{c^2-ac+a^2}+\frac{1}{2}\left(a+c\right)\left(3\right)\end{cases}}\)
Từ (1) và (2) và (3) \(\Rightarrow\frac{a^2}{b}+\frac{b^2}{c}+\frac{c^2}{a}\ge\sqrt{a^2-ab+b^2}+\sqrt{b^2-bc+c^2}+\sqrt{c^2-ac+a^2}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi a=b=c
Ta có:
\(P=\frac{1}{\sqrt{a^2-ab+b^2}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{b^2-bc+c^2}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{c^2-ca+a^2}}\)
\(=\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{4}\left(a+b\right)^2+\frac{3}{4}\left(a-b\right)^2}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{4}\left(b+c\right)^2+\frac{3}{4}\left(b-c\right)^2}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{4}\left(c+a\right)^2+\frac{3}{4}\left(c-a\right)^2}}\)
\(\le2\left(\frac{1}{a+b}+\frac{1}{b+c}+\frac{1}{c+a}\right)\)
\(\le2.\frac{1}{4}.\left(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}+\frac{1}{c}+\frac{1}{a}\right)\)
\(=\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}=3\)
\(3-P=1-\frac{x}{x+1}+1-\frac{y}{y+1}+1-\frac{z}{z+1}\)
\(=\frac{1}{x+1}+\frac{1}{y+1}+\frac{1}{z+1}\ge\frac{9}{x+y+z+3}=\frac{9}{1+3}=\frac{9}{4}\)
\(\Rightarrow P\le\frac{3}{4}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra tại \(x=y=z=\frac{1}{3}\)
Bài 2:
Chứng minh bất đẳng thức Mincopxki \(\sqrt{a^2+b^2}+\sqrt{c^2+d^2}\ge\sqrt{\left(a+c\right)^2+\left(b+d\right)^2}\text{ }\left(1\right)\)
(bình phương vài lần + biến đổi tương đương)
\(S\ge\sqrt{\left(a+b\right)^2+\left(\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\right)^2}+\sqrt{c^2+\frac{1}{c^2}}\)
\(\ge\sqrt{\left(a+b+c\right)^2+\left(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\right)^2}\)
\(\ge\sqrt{\left(a+b+c\right)^2+\left(\frac{9}{a+b+c}\right)^2}\)
\(t=\left(a+b+c\right)^2\le\left(\frac{3}{2}\right)^2=\frac{9}{4}\)
\(S\ge\sqrt{t+\frac{81}{t}}=\sqrt{t+\frac{81}{16t}+\frac{1215}{16t}}\ge\sqrt{2\sqrt{t.\frac{81}{16t}}+\frac{1215}{16.\frac{9}{4}}}=\frac{\sqrt{153}}{2}\)
Dấu bằng xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=\frac{1}{2}.\)
\(P=\frac{a}{a^2+b^2}+\frac{b}{b^2+c^2}+\frac{c}{c^2+a^2}+\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}}\)
\(\le\frac{a}{2ab}+\frac{b}{2bc}+\frac{c}{2ac}+\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}}\)
\(=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\right)+\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}}\)
\(\le\frac{1}{2}.\left(\frac{1}{1}+\frac{1}{1}+\frac{1}{1}\right)+\sqrt{\frac{1}{1}+\frac{1}{1}+\frac{1}{1}}=\frac{3}{2}+\sqrt{3}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra <=> a = b = c = 1
Vậy max P = \(\frac{3}{2}+\sqrt{3}\) tại a = b = c =1.