Cho A= n-1/1 + n-2/2 + n-3/3 +...+2/n-2 +1/n-1
B= 1/2 +1/3 +1/4 +...+ 1/n
Tính A/B
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\(1,\)
\(a,\) Với \(n=1\Leftrightarrow5+2\cdot1+1=8⋮8\left(đúng\right)\)
Giả sử \(n=k\left(k\ge1\right)\Leftrightarrow5^k+2\cdot3^{k-1}+1⋮8\)
Với \(n=k+1\)
\(5^n+2\cdot3^{n-1}+1=5^{k+1}+2\cdot3^k+1\\ =5^k\cdot5+2\cdot3^k+1\\ =5^k\cdot2+2\cdot3^k+5^k\cdot3+1\\ =2\left(5^k+3^k\right)+5^k+2\cdot5^{k-1}+1+2\cdot3^{k-1}-2\cdot3^{k-1}\\ =2\left(5^k+3^k\right)+\left(5^k+2\cdot3^{k-1}+1\right)-2\left(3^{k-1}+5^{k-1}\right)\)
Vì \(5^k+3^k⋮\left(5+3\right)=8;5^{k-1}+3^{k-1}⋮\left(5+3\right)=8;5^k+2\cdot3^{k-1}+1⋮8\) nên \(5^{k+1}+2\cdot3^k+1⋮8\)
Theo pp quy nạp ta được đpcm
\(b,\) Với \(n=1\Leftrightarrow3^3+4^3=91⋮13\left(đúng\right)\)
Giả sử \(n=k\left(k\ge1\right)\Leftrightarrow3^{k+2}+4^{2k+1}⋮13\)
Với \(n=k+1\)
\(3^{n+2}+4^{2n+1}=3^{k+3}+4^{2k+3}\\ =3^{k+2}\cdot3+16\cdot4^{2k+1}\\ =3^{k+2}\cdot3+3\cdot4^{2k+1}+13\cdot4^{2k+1}\\ =3\left(3^{k+2}+4^{2k+1}\right)+13\cdot4^{2k+1}\)
Vì \(3^{k+2}+4^{2k+1}⋮13;13\cdot4^{2k+1}⋮13\) nên \(3^{k+3}+4^{2k+3}⋮13\)
Theo pp quy nạp ta được đpcm
\(1,\)
\(c,C=6^{2n}+3^{n+2}+3^n\\ C=36^n+3^n\cdot9+3^n\\ C=\left(36^n-3^n\right)+\left(3^n\cdot9+2\cdot3^n\right)\\ C=\left(36^n-3^n\right)+3^n\cdot11\)
Vì \(36^n-3^n⋮\left(36-3\right)=33⋮11;3^n\cdot11⋮11\) nên \(C⋮11\)
\(d,D=1^n+2^n+5^n+8^n\)
Vì \(1^n+2^n+5^n⋮\left(1+2+5\right)=8;8^n⋮8\) nên \(D⋮8\)
Ta có:
\(A=(1-\frac{1}{1+2})(1-\frac{1}{1+2+3})(1-\frac{1}{1+2+3+4}) ...(1-\frac{1}{1+2+3+...+n}) \)
Xét công thức tổng quát ta có:
\(1-\frac{1}{1+2+3+...+n}=\frac{2+3+...n.}{1+2+3+..+n} =\frac{n(n+1)-2}{2}:\frac{n(n+1)}{2}=\frac{(n+2)(n-1)}{n(n+1)} \)
Áp dụng ct tổng quá ta có:
A=\(\frac{1.4}{2.3}.\frac{2.5}{3.4}.\frac{3.6}{4.5}...\frac{(n-1)(n+2)}{n(n+1)} \)=\(\frac{(1.2.3...(n-1))(4.5.6...(n+2))}{(2.3.4...n)(3.4.5...(n+1))} \)=\(\frac{n+2}{3n} \)
=>A:B=\(\frac{n+2}{3n}:\frac{n+2}{n}=\frac{1}{3} \)
Bài 2 :
a) C = ( n + 1 )( n + 2 )( n + 3 )( n + 4 )
<=> C = [( n + 1 ).( n + 4 )].[( n + 2 ).( n + 3 )] + 1
<=> C = ( n2 + 5n + 4 ).( n2 + 5n + 6 ) + 1
Đặt t = n2 + 5n + 5
Suy ra : C = ( t - 1 ).( t + 1 ) + 1
=> C = t2 - 1 + 1
<=> C = t2 hay C = ( n2 + 5n + 5 )2
Vì n thuộc Z => n2 + 5n + 5 thuộc Z => C là số chính phương
( đpcm )
b) E = n2 + ( n + 1 )2 + n2 ( n + 1 )2
<=> E = n2 - 2n( n + 1 ) + ( n + 1 )2 + 2n( n + 1 ) + n2( n +1 )2
<=> E = [ n - ( n + 1 )]2 + 2n( n + 1 ) + [ n( n + 1 )]2
<=> E = ( n - n - 1 )2 + 2n( n + 1 ) + [ n( n + 1 )]2
<=> E = 12 + 2.1.n( n + 1 ) + [ n( n + 1 )]2
<=> E = [ n( n + 1 ) + 1 ]2
<=> E = ( n2 + n + 1 )2
Vì n thuộc Z => n2 + n + 1 thuộc Z => E là số chính phương
( đpcm )
a) \(A=\frac{1}{1.2}+\frac{1}{2.3}+...+\frac{1}{n\left(n+1\right)}=1-\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3}+...+\frac{1}{n}-\frac{1}{n+1}=1-\frac{1}{n+1}\)
b) \(B=\frac{1}{1.2.3}+\frac{1}{2.3.4}+...+\frac{1}{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{2}{1.2.3}+\frac{2}{2.3.4}+...+\frac{2}{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}\right)\)
\(=\frac{1}{2}.\left(\frac{1}{1.2}-\frac{1}{2.3}+\frac{1}{2.3}-\frac{1}{3.4}+...+\frac{1}{n\left(n+1\right)}-\frac{1}{\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}\right)=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}\right)\)
\(=\frac{1}{4}-\frac{1}{2\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}\)
Bài 1:
\(\dfrac{5}{x} - \dfrac{y}{3} =\dfrac{1}{6}\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{6}+\dfrac{y}{3}=\dfrac{5}{x}\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{6}+\dfrac{2y}{6}=\dfrac{5}{x}\)
\(\Rightarrow1+\dfrac{2y}{6}=\dfrac{5}{x}\)
\(\Rightarrow x.\left(1+2y\right)=30\)
Vì \(2y\) chẵn nên \(1+2y\) lẻ
\(\Rightarrow1+2y\in\left\{\pm1;\pm3;\pm5;\pm30\right\}\)
\(\Rightarrow x\in\left\{\pm10;\pm30;\pm6;\pm2\right\}\)
Bài 2:
\(\dfrac{1}{4^2}+\dfrac{1}{6^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{\left(2n\right)^2}< \dfrac{1}{2.4}+\dfrac{1}{4.6}+\dfrac{1}{6.8}+...+\dfrac{1}{\left(2n-2\right).2n}\)
\(=\left(\dfrac{2}{2.4}+\dfrac{2}{4.6}+\dfrac{2}{6.8}+...+\dfrac{2}{\left(2n-2\right).2n}\right).\dfrac{1}{2}\)
\(=\left(\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{4}-\dfrac{1}{6}+\dfrac{1}{6}-\dfrac{1}{12}+...+\dfrac{1}{2n-2}-\dfrac{1}{2n}\right).\dfrac{1}{2}\)
\(=\left(\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{2n}\right).\dfrac{1}{2}\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{4}-\dfrac{1}{2n.2}< \dfrac{1}{4}\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{4^2}+\dfrac{1}{6^2}+\dfrac{1}{8^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{\left(2n\right)^2}< \dfrac{1}{4}\left(đpcm\right)\)