Cho \(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}+\dfrac{1}{z}=0\) khác 0. Tính P = \(\dfrac{xy}{z^2}+\dfrac{yz}{x^2}+\dfrac{zx}{y^2}\)
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\(\dfrac{xy}{x+y}=\dfrac{yz}{y+z}=\dfrac{zx}{z+x}\\ \Rightarrow\dfrac{x+y}{xy}=\dfrac{y+z}{yz}=\dfrac{z+x}{zx}\\ \Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{y}+\dfrac{1}{x}=\dfrac{1}{z}+\dfrac{1}{y}=\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{z}\\ \Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{x}=\dfrac{1}{y}=\dfrac{1}{z}\\ \Rightarrow x=y=z\)
\(\Rightarrow P=\dfrac{xy+yz+zx}{x^2+y^2+z^2}=\dfrac{x^2+x^2+x^2}{x^2+x^2+x^2}=1\)
Lời giải:
Từ $\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}+\frac{1}{z}=0$
$\Rightarrow xy+yz+xz=0$
Khi đó:
$x^2+2yz=x^2+yz-xz-xy=(x^2-xy)-(xz-yz)=x(x-y)-z(x-y)=(x-z)(x-y)$
Tương tự với $y^2+2zx, z^2+2xy$ thì:
$P=\frac{yz}{(x-z)(x-y)}+\frac{xz}{(y-z)(y-x)}+\frac{xy}{(z-x)(z-y)}$
$=\frac{-yz(y-z)-xz(z-x)-xy(x-y)}{(x-y)(y-z)(z-x)}=\frac{-[yz(y-z)+xz(z-x)+xy(x-y)]}{-[xy(x-y)+yz(y-z)+xz(z-x)]}=1$
Cho x, y, z > 0 và x+y+z=1.
CMR : \(\dfrac{1-x^2}{x+yz}+\dfrac{1-y^2}{y+zx}+\dfrac{1-z^2}{z+xy}\ge6\)
Trước hết, ta đi chứng minh một bổ đề sau: Nếu \(a+b+c=0\) thì \(a^3+b^3+c^3=3abc\). Thật vậy, ta phân tích
\(P=a^3+b^3+c^3-3abc\)
\(P=\left(a+b\right)^3+c^3-3ab\left(a+b\right)-3abc\)
\(P=\left(a+b+c\right)\left[\left(a+b\right)^2+\left(a+b\right)c+c^2\right]-3ab\left(a+b+c\right)\)
\(P=\left(a+b+c\right)\left(a^2+b^2+c^2-ab-bc-ca\right)\).
Hiển nhiên nếu \(a+b+c=0\) thì \(P=0\) hay \(a^3+b^3+c^3=3abc\), bổ đề được chứng minh.
Do \(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}+\dfrac{1}{z}=0\) nên áp dụng bổ đề, ta được \(\dfrac{1}{x^3}+\dfrac{1}{y^3}+\dfrac{1}{z^3}=\dfrac{3}{xyz}\).
Vì vậy \(\dfrac{yz}{x^2}+\dfrac{zx}{y^2}+\dfrac{xy}{z^2}=\dfrac{xyz}{x^3}+\dfrac{xyz}{y^3}+\dfrac{xyz}{z^3}\) \(=xyz\left(\dfrac{1}{x^3}+\dfrac{1}{y^3}+\dfrac{1}{z^3}\right)\) \(=xyz.\dfrac{3}{xyz}=3\). Ta có đpcm
\(VT=\dfrac{\left(\dfrac{1}{z}\right)^2}{\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}}+\dfrac{\left(\dfrac{1}{x}\right)^2}{\dfrac{1}{y}+\dfrac{1}{z}}+\dfrac{\left(\dfrac{1}{y}\right)^2}{\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{z}}\ge\dfrac{\left(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}+\dfrac{1}{z}\right)^2}{2\left(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}+\dfrac{1}{z}\right)}=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}+\dfrac{1}{z}\right)\)
Dâu "=" xảy ra khi \(x=y=z\)
Lời giải:
Áp dụng BĐT AM-GM:
\(\sqrt{\frac{xy}{xy+z}}=\sqrt{\frac{xy}{xy+z(x+y+z)}}=\sqrt{\frac{xy}{(z+x)(z+y)}}\leq \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{x}{x+z}+\frac{y}{z+y}\right)\)
Hoàn toàn tương tự với các phân thức còn lại suy ra:
\(\sum \sqrt{\frac{xy}{xy+z}}\leq \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{x+z}{x+z}+\frac{y+z}{y+z}+\frac{x+y}{x+y}\right)=\frac{3}{2}\)
Ta có đpcm.
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi $x=y=z=\frac{1}{3}$
\(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}+\dfrac{1}{z}=0\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{xy+yz+xz}{xyz}=0\Leftrightarrow xy+yz+xz=0\Leftrightarrow yz=-xy-xz\)
Ta có \(x^2+2yz=x^2+yz-xy-xz=\left(x-y\right)\left(x-z\right)\)
Tương tự \(y^2+2xz=\left(y-x\right)\left(y-z\right);z^2-2xy=\left(z-x\right)\left(z-y\right)\)
\(A=\dfrac{yz}{x^2+2yz}+\dfrac{xz}{y^2+2xz}+\dfrac{xy}{z^2+2xy}=\dfrac{yz}{\left(x-y\right)\left(x-z\right)}+\dfrac{xz}{\left(y-z\right)\left(y-x\right)}+\dfrac{xy}{\left(z-x\right)\left(z-y\right)}\\ A=\dfrac{-yz\left(y-z\right)-xz\left(z-x\right)-xy\left(x-z\right)}{\left(x-y\right)\left(y-z\right)\left(z-x\right)}\\ A=\dfrac{-yz\left(y-z\right)+xz\left(y-z\right)+xz\left(x-y\right)-xy\left(x-y\right)}{\left(x-y\right)\left(y-z\right)\left(z-x\right)}\\ A=\dfrac{\left(y-z\right)\left(xz-yz\right)+\left(x-y\right)\left(xz-xy\right)}{\left(x-y\right)\left(y-z\right)\left(z-x\right)}\\ A=\dfrac{\left(x-y\right)\left(y-z\right)\left(z-x\right)}{\left(x-y\right)\left(y-z\right)\left(z-x\right)}=1\)
\(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}+\dfrac{1}{z}=0\Leftrightarrow xy+yz+zx=0\)
\(\Rightarrow yz=-xy-zx\Rightarrow\dfrac{yz}{x^2+2yz}=\dfrac{yz}{x^2+yz-xy-zx}=\dfrac{yz}{\left(x-y\right)\left(x-z\right)}\)
Tương tự: \(\dfrac{xz}{y^2+2xz}=\dfrac{xz}{\left(y-x\right)\left(y-z\right)}\) ; \(\dfrac{xy}{z^2+2xy}=\dfrac{xy}{\left(x-z\right)\left(y-z\right)}\)
\(\Rightarrow A=\dfrac{-yz\left(y-z\right)-zx\left(z-x\right)-xy\left(x-y\right)}{\left(x-y\right)\left(y-z\right)\left(z-x\right)}=1\)
C/m: 1 bài toán nhỏ :
Cho \(a+b+c=0\) . CM : \(a^3+b^3+c^3=3abc\)
Do \(a+b+c=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a+b=-c\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a+b\right)^3=-c^3\)
Lại có : \(a^3+b^3+c^3\)
\(=\left(a+b\right)^3-3a^2b-3b^2a+c^3\)
\(=-c^3-3ab\left(a+b\right)+c^3\)
\(=-3ab\left(a+b\right)\)
\(=-3ab.\left(-c\right)\)
\(=3abc\)
Do \(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}+\dfrac{1}{z}=0\) , áp dụng từ bài toán trên , ta được :
\(\dfrac{1}{x^3}+\dfrac{1}{y^3}+\dfrac{1}{z^3}=3.\dfrac{1}{x}.\dfrac{1}{y}.\dfrac{1}{z}=\dfrac{3}{xyz}\)
Lại có : \(P=\dfrac{xy}{z^2}+\dfrac{yz}{x^2}+\dfrac{xz}{y^2}\)
\(=\dfrac{xyz}{z^3}+\dfrac{xyz}{x^3}+\dfrac{xyz}{y^3}\)
\(=xyz\left(\dfrac{1}{x^3}+\dfrac{1}{y^3}+\dfrac{1}{z^3}\right)\)
\(=xyz.\dfrac{3}{xyz}\)
\(=3\)
Vậy \(P=3\)
:D