Bài 1: cho a, b, c > 0 và a + b + c = 1. tìm GTLN của \(\dfrac{a}{a+1}+\dfrac{b}{b+1}+\dfrac{c}{c+1}\)
Bài 2: cho a, b, c > 0 thỏa mãn a + b + c = 3. CMR: \(\dfrac{a+1}{b^2+1}+\dfrac{b+1}{c^2+1}+\dfrac{c+1}{a^2+1}>=3\)
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Bài 3:
\(\dfrac{1}{\left(x-y\right)^2}+\dfrac{1}{x^2}+\dfrac{1}{y^2}\ge\dfrac{4}{xy}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x^2y^2\left(\dfrac{1}{\left(x-y\right)^2}+\dfrac{1}{x^2}+\dfrac{1}{y^2}\right)\ge\dfrac{4}{xy}.x^2y^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{x^2y^2}{\left(x-y\right)^2}+x^2+y^2\ge4xy\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{x^2y^2}{\left(x-y\right)^2}+x^2-2xy+y^2\ge2xy\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(\dfrac{xy}{x-y}\right)^2+\left(x-y\right)^2\ge2xy\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(\dfrac{xy}{x-y}\right)^2-2xy+\left(x-y\right)^2\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(\dfrac{xy}{x-y}-x+y\right)^2=0\) (luôn đúng)
\(\dfrac{1}{1+a}=1-\dfrac{1}{1+b}+1-\dfrac{1}{1+c}=\dfrac{b}{1+b}+\dfrac{c}{1+c}\ge2\sqrt{\dfrac{bc}{\left(1+b\right)\left(1+c\right)}}\)
Tương tự:
\(\dfrac{1}{1+b}\ge2\sqrt{\dfrac{ac}{\left(1+a\right)\left(1+c\right)}}\) ; \(\dfrac{1}{1+c}\ge2\sqrt{\dfrac{ab}{\left(1+a\right)\left(1+c\right)}}\)
Nhân vế với vế:
\(\dfrac{1}{\left(1+a\right)\left(1+b\right)\left(1+c\right)}\ge\dfrac{8abc}{\left(1+a\right)\left(1+b\right)\left(1+c\right)}\)
\(\Rightarrow abc\le\dfrac{1}{8}\)
\(N_{max}=\dfrac{1}{8}\) khi \(a=b=c=\dfrac{1}{2}\)
\(Q=\dfrac{2a}{\sqrt{a^2+ab+bc+ca}}+\dfrac{b}{\sqrt{b^2+ab+bc+ca}}+\dfrac{c}{\sqrt{c^2+ab+bc+ca}}\)
\(=\dfrac{2a}{\sqrt{\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)}}+\dfrac{b}{\sqrt{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)}}+\dfrac{c}{\sqrt{\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)}}\)
\(=\sqrt{\dfrac{2a}{a+b}.\dfrac{2a}{a+c}}+\sqrt{\dfrac{2b}{a+b}.\dfrac{b}{2\left(b+c\right)}}+\sqrt{\dfrac{2c}{a+c}.\dfrac{c}{2\left(b+c\right)}}\)
\(\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{2a}{a+b}+\dfrac{2a}{a+c}+\dfrac{2b}{a+b}+\dfrac{b}{2\left(b+c\right)}+\dfrac{2c}{a+c}+\dfrac{c}{2\left(b+c\right)}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{9}{4}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(\left(a;b;c\right)=\left(\dfrac{7}{\sqrt{15}};\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{15}};\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{15}}\right)\)
Với cả 3 phần thì dấu "=" xảy ra tại a=b=c=1.
a) \(\dfrac{a}{1+b^2}=\dfrac{a\left(1+b^2\right)}{1+b^2}-\dfrac{ab^2}{1+b^2}=a-\dfrac{ab^2}{1+b^2}\)
(Cosi) \(\ge a-\dfrac{ab^2}{2b}=a-\dfrac{ab}{2}\)
Tương tự : \(\dfrac{b}{1+c^2}\ge b-\dfrac{bc}{2};\dfrac{c}{1+a^2}\ge c-\dfrac{ca}{2}\)
\(\Rightarrow P\ge\left(a+b+c\right)-\dfrac{ab+bc+ca}{2}\ge\left(CS\right)\left(a+b+c\right)-\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{6}=3-\dfrac{3^2}{6}=\dfrac{3}{2}\)
b) \(\dfrac{1}{a^2+1}=1-\dfrac{a^2}{a^2+1}\ge\left(CS\right)1-\dfrac{a^2}{2a}=1-\dfrac{a}{2}\)
Tương tự : \(\dfrac{1}{b^2+1}\ge1-\dfrac{b}{2};\dfrac{1}{c^2+1}\ge1-\dfrac{c}{2}\)
\(\Rightarrow P\ge3-\dfrac{a+b+c}{2}=3-\dfrac{3}{2}=\dfrac{3}{2}\)
c)\(P=\dfrac{a+1}{b^2+1}+\dfrac{b+1}{c^2+1}+\dfrac{c+1}{a^2+1}=\left(\dfrac{a}{b^2+1}+\dfrac{b}{c^2+1}+\dfrac{c}{a^2+1}\right)+\left(\dfrac{1}{a^2+1}+\dfrac{1}{b^2+1}+\dfrac{1}{c^2+1}\right)\ge\dfrac{3}{2}+\dfrac{3}{2}=3\)
\(4M=\dfrac{4}{\left(a+b\right)+\left(a+c\right)}+\dfrac{4}{\left(a+b\right)+\left(b+c\right)}+\dfrac{4}{\left(c+a\right)+\left(b+c\right)}\)
\(\le\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{a+c}+\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{b+c}+\dfrac{1}{c+a}+\dfrac{1}{b+c}\)
\(=\dfrac{2}{a+b}+\dfrac{2}{b+c}+\dfrac{2}{c+a}\)
=> 8M \(\le\dfrac{4}{a+b}+\dfrac{4}{b+c}+\dfrac{4}{c+a}\)
\(\le\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}+\dfrac{1}{c}+\dfrac{1}{a}=2\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)=8\)
=> \(M\le1\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra <=> a = b = c = 3/4
\(\dfrac{1}{2a+b+c}=\dfrac{1}{a+a+b+c}\le\dfrac{1}{16}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)=\dfrac{1}{16}\left(\dfrac{2}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\)
Tương tự:
\(\dfrac{1}{a+2b+c}\le\dfrac{1}{16}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{2}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\) ; \(\dfrac{1}{a+b+2c}\le\dfrac{1}{16}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{2}{c}\right)\)
Cộng vế:
\(M\le\dfrac{1}{16}\left(\dfrac{4}{a}+\dfrac{4}{b}+\dfrac{4}{c}\right)=\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)=1\)
\(M_{max}=1\) khi \(a=b=c=\dfrac{3}{4}\)
Đặt A = \(\dfrac{a-b}{1+c^2}+\dfrac{b-c}{1+a^2}+\dfrac{c-a}{1+b^2}=0\)
= \(\dfrac{a-b}{c^2+ab+bc+ca}+\dfrac{b-c}{a^2+ab+bc+ca}+\dfrac{c-a}{b^2+ab+bc+ca}\)
= \(\dfrac{a-b}{\left(c+a\right)\left(c+b\right)}+\dfrac{b-c}{\left(a+b\right)\left(c+a\right)}+\dfrac{c-a}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)}\)
= \(\dfrac{\left(a-b\right)\left(a+b\right)+\left(b-c\right)\left(b+c\right)+\left(c+a\right)\left(c-a\right)}{\left(c+a\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(a+b\right)}\)
= \(\dfrac{a^2-b^2+b^2-c^2+c^2-a^2}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)}=0\)
\(\dfrac{a-b}{1+c^2}+\dfrac{b-c}{1+a^2}+\dfrac{c-a}{1+b^2}\)
\(=\dfrac{a-b}{ab+bc+ca+c^2}+\dfrac{b-c}{ab+bc+ca+a^2}+\dfrac{c-a}{ab+bc+ca+b^2}\)
\(=\dfrac{a-b}{\left(c+a\right)\left(c+b\right)}+\dfrac{b-c}{\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)}+\dfrac{c-a}{\left(b+a\right)\left(b+c\right)}\)
\(=\dfrac{\left(a-b\right)\left(a+b\right)+\left(b-c\right)\left(b+c\right)+\left(c-a\right)\left(c+a\right)}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)}\)
\(=\dfrac{a^2-b^2+b^2-c^2+c^2-a^2}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)}=0\)
\(\dfrac{a^3}{1+b}+\dfrac{1+b}{4}+\dfrac{1}{2}\ge3\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{a^3\left(1+b\right)}{8\left(a+b\right)}}=\dfrac{3a}{2}\)
\(\dfrac{b^3}{1+c}+\dfrac{1+c}{4}+\dfrac{1}{2}\ge\dfrac{3b}{2}\) ; \(\dfrac{c^3}{1+a}+\dfrac{1+a}{4}+\dfrac{1}{2}\ge\dfrac{3c}{2}\)
\(\Rightarrow VT+\dfrac{a+b+c}{4}+\dfrac{9}{4}\ge\dfrac{3}{2}\left(a+b+c\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow VT\ge\dfrac{5}{4}\left(a+b+c\right)-\dfrac{9}{4}\ge\dfrac{5}{4}.3\sqrt[3]{abc}-\dfrac{9}{4}=\dfrac{3}{2}\)
Bài 1
\(\dfrac{a}{a+1}+\dfrac{b}{b+1}+\dfrac{c}{c+1}=a-\dfrac{a^2}{a+1}+b-\dfrac{b^2}{b+1}+c-\dfrac{c^2}{c+1}\)
\(=1-\left(\dfrac{a^2}{a+1}+\dfrac{b^2}{b+1}+\dfrac{c^2}{c+1}\right)\)
Áp dụng bđt Cauchy dạng phân thức \(\dfrac{a^2}{a+1}+\dfrac{b^2}{b+1}+\dfrac{c^2}{c+1}\ge\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{a+b+c+3}=\dfrac{1}{1+3}=\dfrac{1}{4}\)
\(\Rightarrow1-\left(\dfrac{a^2}{a+1}+\dfrac{b^2}{b+1}+\dfrac{c^2}{c+1}\right)\le1-\dfrac{1}{4}=\dfrac{3}{4}\)
\(\Rightarrow GTLN=\dfrac{3}{4}\) Dấu ''='' xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=\dfrac{1}{3}\)
Bài 2
\(P=\dfrac{a+1}{b^2+1}+\dfrac{b+1}{c^2+1}+\dfrac{c+1}{a^2+1}=\dfrac{a}{b^2+1}+\dfrac{1}{b^2+1}+\dfrac{b}{c^2+1}+\dfrac{1}{c^2+1}+\dfrac{c}{a^2+1}+\dfrac{1}{a^2+1}\)
Xét \(\dfrac{a}{b^2+1}+\dfrac{b}{c^2+1}+\dfrac{c}{a^2+1}=a-\dfrac{ab^2}{b^2+1}+b-\dfrac{bc^2}{c^2+1}+c-\dfrac{a^2c}{a^2+1}\)
Xét \(\dfrac{1}{b^2+1}+\dfrac{1}{c^2+1}+\dfrac{1}{a^2+1}=1-\dfrac{b^2}{b^2+1}+1-\dfrac{c^2}{c^2+1}+1-\dfrac{a^2}{a^2+1}\)
\(\Rightarrow P=6-\left(\dfrac{ab^2}{b^2+1}+\dfrac{bc^2}{c^2+1}+\dfrac{ca^2}{a^2+1}+\dfrac{a^2}{a^2+1}+\dfrac{b^2}{b^2+1}+\dfrac{c^2}{c^2+1}\right)\)
Áp dụng bđt Cauchy cho 2 số thực dương ta có \(b^2+1\ge2b\Rightarrow\dfrac{ab^2}{b^2+1}\le\dfrac{ab^2}{2b}=\dfrac{ab}{2}\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{ab^2}{b^2+1}+\dfrac{bc^2}{c^2+1}+\dfrac{ca^2}{a^2+1}\le\dfrac{ab+bc+ac}{2}\)
Theo hệ quả của bđt Cauchy ta có \(\left(a+b+c\right)^2\ge3\left(ab+bc+ac\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow3\ge ab+bc+ac\) \(\Rightarrow\dfrac{3}{2}\ge\dfrac{ab+bc+ac}{2}\Rightarrow\dfrac{ab^2}{b^2+1}+\dfrac{bc^2}{c^2+1}+\dfrac{ca^2}{a^2+1}\le\dfrac{3}{2}\)
Áp dụng bđt Cauchy cho 2 số thực dương ta có \(a^2+1\ge2a\Rightarrow\dfrac{a^2}{a^2+1}\le\dfrac{a^2}{2a}=\dfrac{a}{2}\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{a^2}{a^2+1}+\dfrac{b^2}{b^2+1}+\dfrac{c^2}{c^2+1}\le\dfrac{a+b+c}{2}=\dfrac{3}{2}\)
\(\Rightarrow P\ge6-\left(\dfrac{3}{2}+\dfrac{3}{2}\right)=3\left(đpcm\right)\)
Dấu ''='' xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=1\)
Bài 1 : Ta có : \(\dfrac{a}{a+1}+\dfrac{b}{b+1}+\dfrac{c}{c+1}=\dfrac{a^2}{a^2+a}+\dfrac{b^2}{b^2+b}+\dfrac{c^2}{c^2+c}\)
Theo BĐT CÔ - SI dưới dạng engel ta có :
\(\dfrac{a^2}{a^2+a}+\dfrac{b^2}{b^2+b}+\dfrac{c^2}{c^2+c}\ge\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{a^2+b^2+c^2+\left(a+b+c\right)}=\dfrac{1}{a^2+b^2+c^2+1}\le\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{1}{a+b+c}+1}=\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{1}{3}+1}=\dfrac{4}{3}\)
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