Cho các số thực dương a,b,c thỏa : \(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}=\dfrac{16}{a+b+c}\). Tìm giá trị nhỏ nhất của biểu thức \(P=\dfrac{a}{b}+\dfrac{b}{c}+\dfrac{c}{a}\)
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Bài làm :
Ta có :
\(\left(a+b\right)^2\ge4ab\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{a+b}{ab}\ge\frac{4}{a+b}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{4}{a+b}\le\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{1}{a+b}\le\frac{1}{4}\left(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}\right)\left(1\right)\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi : a=b
Chứng minh tương tự như trên ; ta có :
\(\hept{\begin{cases}\frac{1}{b+c}\text{≤}\frac{1}{4}\left(\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\right)\left(2\right)\\\frac{1}{c+a}\text{≤}\frac{1}{4}\left(\frac{1}{c}+\frac{1}{a}\right)\left(3\right)\end{cases}}\)
Cộng vế với vế của (1) ; (2) ; (3) ; ta được :
\(A\text{≤}\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\right)\text{=}\frac{3}{2}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi ;
\(\hept{\begin{cases}a=b=c\\\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}=3\end{cases}}\Leftrightarrow a=b=c=1\)
Vậy Max (A) = 3/2 khi a=b=c=1
Thỏa mãn $\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}=1$ hay $a+b+c=1$ vậy bạn?
\(a^2+b^2-ab\ge\dfrac{1}{2}\left(a+b\right)^2-\dfrac{1}{4}\left(a+b\right)^2=\dfrac{1}{4}\left(a+b\right)^2\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{a^2-ab+b^2}}\le\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{\dfrac{1}{4}\left(a+b\right)^2}}=\dfrac{2}{a+b}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}\right)\)
Tương tự:
\(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{b^2-bc+c^2}}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\) ; \(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{c^2-ca+a^2}}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{1}{c}+\dfrac{1}{a}\right)\)
Cộng vế:
\(P\le\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}=3\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=1\)
\(abc\ge\left(a+b-c\right)\left(b+c-a\right)\left(c+a-b\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow abc\ge\left(3-2a\right)\left(3-2b\right)\left(3-2c\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow9abc\ge12\left(ab+bc+ca\right)-27\)
\(\Rightarrow abc\ge\dfrac{4}{3}\left(ab+bc+ca\right)-3\)
\(P\ge\dfrac{9}{a\left(b^2+bc+c^2\right)+b\left(c^2+ca+a^2\right)+c\left(a^2+ab+b^2\right)}+\dfrac{abc}{ab+bc+ca}=\dfrac{9}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\left(a+b+c\right)}+\dfrac{abc}{ab+bc+ca}\)
\(\Rightarrow P\ge\dfrac{3}{ab+bc+ca}+\dfrac{abc}{ab+bc+ca}=\dfrac{3+abc}{ab+bc+ca}\)
\(\Rightarrow P\ge\dfrac{3+\dfrac{4}{3}\left(ab+bc+ca\right)-3}{ab+bc+ca}=\dfrac{4}{3}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=1\)
Dự đoán điểm rơi xảy ra tại \(\left(a;b;c\right)=\left(3;2;4\right)\)
Đơn giản là kiên nhẫn tính toán và tách biểu thức:
\(D=13\left(\dfrac{a}{18}+\dfrac{c}{24}\right)+13\left(\dfrac{b}{24}+\dfrac{c}{48}\right)+\left(\dfrac{a}{9}+\dfrac{b}{6}+\dfrac{2}{ab}\right)+\left(\dfrac{a}{18}+\dfrac{c}{24}+\dfrac{2}{ac}\right)+\left(\dfrac{b}{8}+\dfrac{c}{16}+\dfrac{2}{bc}\right)+\left(\dfrac{a}{9}+\dfrac{b}{6}+\dfrac{c}{12}+\dfrac{8}{abc}\right)\)
Sau đó Cô-si cho từng ngoặc là được
Ta có:
\(P=\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\left(a+b+c+36abc\right)\)
\(P=\dfrac{a}{b}+\dfrac{b}{a}+\dfrac{b}{c}+\dfrac{c}{b}+\dfrac{a}{c}+\dfrac{c}{a}+3+36\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)
\(P=\dfrac{a^2+b^2}{ab}+\dfrac{b^2+c^2}{bc}+\dfrac{c^2+a^2}{ca}+3+36\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)
\(P=\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)^2}{ab}+\dfrac{\left(b+c\right)^2}{bc}+\dfrac{\left(c+a\right)^2}{ca}-3+36\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)
\(P\ge\dfrac{4\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{ab+bc+ca}-3+36\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)
\(P\ge\dfrac{4}{ab+bc+ca}+36\left(ab+bc+ca\right)-3\ge2\sqrt{\dfrac{4.36\left(ab+bc+ca\right)}{ab+bc+ca}}-3=21\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=\dfrac{1}{3}\)
Lời giải:
Nếu bạn học dồn biến- thừa trừ rồi thì có thể làm như sau:
$P=\frac{ab+bc+ac}{abc}(1+36abc)=\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}+36(ab+bc+ac)=f(a,b,c)$
Giả sử $c=\max(a,b,c)$. Ta sẽ chứng minh $f(a,b,c)\geq f(\frac{a+b}{2}, \frac{a+b}{2}, c)$
Thật vậy:
\(f(a,b,c)- f(\frac{a+b}{2}, \frac{a+b}{2}, c)=\frac{(a+b)^2-4ab}{ab(a+b)}+36.\frac{4ab-(a+b)^2}{4}\)
\(=\frac{(a-b)^2}{ab(a+b)}-9(a-b)^2=(a-b)^2(\frac{1}{ab(a+b)}-9)\)
Vì $c=\max (a,b,c)$ mà $a+b+c=1\Rightarrow a+b\leq \frac{2}{3}$
$\Rightarrow ab\leq \frac{1}{4}(a+b)^2\leq \frac{1}{9}$
$\Rightarrow \frac{1}{ab(a+b)}\geq \frac{27}{2}$
$\Rightarrow \frac{1}{ab(a+b)}-9>0$
Do đó: $f(a,b,c)\geq f(\frac{a+b}{2}, \frac{a+b}{2}, c)$
Mà:
$f(\frac{a+b}{2}, \frac{a+b}{2}, c)-21=\frac{4}{a+b}+\frac{1}{c}+36[\frac{(a+b)^2}{4}+c(a+b)]-21$
$=\frac{4}{1-c}+\frac{1}{c}+9(1-c)^2+36c(1-c)-21$
$=\frac{3c+1}{c(1-c)}+9(1-c)^2+36c(1-c)-21$
$=(3c-1)^2.\frac{3c^2-3c+1}{c(1-c)}\geq 0$ với mọi $1>c\geq \frac{1}{3}$
Do đó $f(\frac{a+b}{2}, \frac{a+b}{2}, c)\geq 21$
$\Rightarrow f(a,b,c)\geq 21$
Hay $P_{\min}=21$
Áp dụng bất đẳng thức: \(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}\ge\dfrac{4}{a+b}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a+b\right)^2\ge4ab\) \(\Leftrightarrow a^2+2ab+b^2\ge4ab\Leftrightarrow a^2-2ab+b^2\ge0\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)^2\ge0\left(đúng\right)\)
\(\dfrac{1}{2a+b+c}=\dfrac{1}{4}.\dfrac{4}{2a+b+c}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{2a}+\dfrac{1}{b+c}\right)\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left[\dfrac{1}{2a}+\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\right]=\dfrac{1}{8}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{2b}+\dfrac{1}{2c}\right)\)
CMTT \(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{1}{a+2b+c}\le\dfrac{1}{8}\left(\dfrac{1}{2a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{2c}\right)\\\dfrac{1}{a+b+2c}\le\dfrac{1}{8}\left(\dfrac{1}{2a}+\dfrac{1}{2b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow M=\dfrac{1}{2a+b+c}+\dfrac{1}{a+2b+c}+\dfrac{1}{a+b+2c}\le\dfrac{1}{8}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}+\dfrac{2}{2a}+\dfrac{2}{2b}+\dfrac{2}{2c}\right)=\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)=\dfrac{1}{4}.4=1\)
\(minM=1\Leftrightarrow a=b=c=\dfrac{3}{4}\)
Ta có:
\(\dfrac{ab}{c}+\dfrac{bc}{a}\ge2\sqrt{\dfrac{ab}{c}.\dfrac{bc}{a}}=2b\)
Tương tự: \(\dfrac{ab}{c}+\dfrac{ca}{b}\ge2a\) ; \(\dfrac{bc}{a}+\dfrac{ca}{b}\ge2c\)
Cộng vế:
\(2P\ge2\left(a+b+c\right)\Rightarrow P\ge a+b+c=1\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=\dfrac{1}{3}\)