Cho \(\dfrac{c}{d}\)<\(\dfrac{a}{b}\)<1;a,b,c,d là những số nguyên dương. Áp dụng cách tính chất ở vd 5,
hãy so sánh \(\dfrac{c}{d}\),\(\dfrac{a}{b}\)với\(\dfrac{a+d}{b+c}\)
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CM:$(b+c)(\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c})< \frac{(a+d)^{2}}{ad}$ - Bất đẳng thức và cực trị - Diễn đàn Toán học
Vì \(a,b,c,d\in N^{\circledast}\) nên \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a+b+c< a+b+c+d\\a+b+d< a+b+c+d\\b+c+d< a+b+c+d\\a+c+d< a+b+c+d\end{matrix}\right.\)
Ta có :
\(\dfrac{a}{a+b+c}>\dfrac{a}{a+b+c+d}\\ \dfrac{b}{a+b+d}>\dfrac{b}{a+b+c+d}\\ \dfrac{c}{b+c+d}>\dfrac{c}{a+b+c+d}\\ \dfrac{d}{a+c+d}>\dfrac{d}{a+b+c+d}\\ \Rightarrow P>\dfrac{a}{a+b+c+d}+\dfrac{b}{a+b+c+d}+\dfrac{c}{a+b+c+d}+\dfrac{d}{a+b+c+d}=1\\ \Rightarrow P>1\left(1\right)\)
Vì \(a,b,c,d\in N^{\circledast}\) nên \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a+b+c>d\\a+b+d>c\\b+c+d>a\\a+c+d>b\end{matrix}\right.\)
Ta có :
\(\dfrac{a}{a+b+c}=\dfrac{2a}{\left(a+b+c\right)+\left(a+b+c\right)}< \dfrac{2a}{a+b+c+d}\)
\(\dfrac{b}{a+b+d}=\dfrac{2b}{\left(a+b+d\right)+\left(a+b+d\right)}< \dfrac{2b}{a+b+c+d}\left(a+b+d>c\right)\\ \dfrac{c}{b+c+d}=\dfrac{2c}{\left(b+c+d\right)+\left(b+c+d\right)}< \dfrac{2c}{a+b+c+d}\left(b+c+d>a\right)\\ \dfrac{d}{a+c+d}=\dfrac{2d}{\left(a+c+d\right)+\left(a+c+d\right)}< \dfrac{2d}{a+b+c+d}\left(a+c+d>b\right)\)
Từ đó, ta có :
\(\dfrac{a}{a+b+d}+\dfrac{b}{a+b+d}+\dfrac{c}{b+c+d}+\dfrac{d}{a+c+d}< \\ \dfrac{2a}{a+b+c+d}+\dfrac{2b}{a+b+c+d}+\dfrac{2c}{a+b+c+d}+\dfrac{2d}{a+b+c+d}=2\\ \Rightarrow P< 2\left(2\right)\)
Từ (1) và (2), ta có điều phải chứng minh.
Bạn tham khảo lời giải tại đây:
https://hoc24.vn/cau-hoi/cho-0a1-0b2-0c3tim-gtln-cua-a-dfracsqrt1-aa-dfracsqrt2-bb-dfracsqrt3-ccbai-nay-dung-cauchyminh-suy-nghi.179994478119
1
a) Vì \(\dfrac{a}{b}< \dfrac{c}{d}\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{ad}{bd}< \dfrac{bc}{bd}\)
\(\Rightarrow ad< bc\)
2
b) Ta có : \(\dfrac{-1}{3}=\dfrac{-16}{48};\dfrac{-1}{4}=\dfrac{-12}{48}\)
Ta có dãy sau : \(\dfrac{-16}{48};\dfrac{-15}{48};\dfrac{-14}{48};\dfrac{-13}{48};\dfrac{-12}{48}\)
Vậy 3 số hữu tỉ xen giữa \(\dfrac{-1}{3}\) và \(\dfrac{-1}{4}\) là :\(\dfrac{-15}{48};\dfrac{-14}{48};\dfrac{-13}{48}\)
1a ) Ta có : \(\dfrac{a}{b}\) < \(\dfrac{c}{d}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\) \(\dfrac{ad}{bd}\) < \(\dfrac{bc}{bd}\) \(\Rightarrow\) ad < bc
1b ) Như trên
2b) \(\dfrac{-1}{3}\) = \(\dfrac{-16}{48}\) ; \(\dfrac{-1}{4}\) = \(\dfrac{-12}{48}\)
\(\dfrac{-16}{48}\) < \(\dfrac{-15}{48}\) <\(\dfrac{-14}{48}\) < \(\dfrac{-13}{48}\) < \(\dfrac{-12}{48}\)
Vậy 3 số hữu tỉ xen giữa là.................
Giải
Ta có : \(\dfrac{1}{2^2}< \dfrac{1}{1.2};\dfrac{1}{3^2}< \dfrac{1}{2.3};\dfrac{1}{4^2}< \dfrac{1}{3.4};...;\dfrac{1}{20^2}< \dfrac{1}{19.20}\)
\(\Rightarrow\)D < \(\dfrac{1}{1.2}+\dfrac{1}{2.3}+\dfrac{1}{3.4}+...+\dfrac{1}{19.20}\)
Nhận xét: \(\dfrac{1}{1.2}=1-\dfrac{1}{2};\dfrac{1}{2.3}=\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3};\dfrac{1}{3.4}=\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{4};...;\dfrac{1}{19.20}=\dfrac{1}{19}-\dfrac{1}{20}\)
\(\Rightarrow\) D< 1- \(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{4}+...+\dfrac{1}{19}-\dfrac{1}{20}\)
D< 1 - \(\dfrac{1}{20}\)
D< \(\dfrac{19}{20}\)<1
\(\Rightarrow\)D< 1
Vậy D=\(\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+\dfrac{1}{4^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{5^2}\)<1
A=\(\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{4^2}+\dfrac{1}{6^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{100^2}\)
A=\(\dfrac{1}{2^2.1}+\dfrac{1}{2^2.2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2.2^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{50^2.2^2}\)
A=\(\dfrac{1}{2^2}\left(1+\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{50^2}\right)\)
\(A=\dfrac{1}{2^2}\left(1+\dfrac{1}{2.2}+\dfrac{1}{3.3}+...+\dfrac{1}{50.50}\right)\)
Ta có :
\(\dfrac{1}{2.2}< \dfrac{1}{1.2};\dfrac{1}{3.3}< \dfrac{1}{2.3};\dfrac{1}{4.4}< \dfrac{1}{3.4};...;\dfrac{1}{50.50}< \dfrac{1}{49.50}\)
\(\Rightarrow A< \dfrac{1}{2^2}\left(1+\dfrac{1}{1.2}+\dfrac{1}{2.3}+\dfrac{1}{3.4}+...+\dfrac{1}{49.50}\right)\)Nhận xét :
\(\dfrac{1}{1.2}< 1-\dfrac{1}{2};\dfrac{1}{2.3}< \dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3};...;\dfrac{1}{49.50}< \dfrac{1}{49}-\dfrac{1}{50}\)
\(\Rightarrow A< \dfrac{1}{2^2}\left(1-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{4}+...+\dfrac{1}{49}-\dfrac{1}{50}\right)\)
A<\(\dfrac{1}{2^2}\left(1-\dfrac{1}{50}\right)\)
A<\(\dfrac{1}{4}.\dfrac{49}{50}\)<1
A<\(\dfrac{49}{200}< \dfrac{1}{2}\)
\(\Rightarrow A< \dfrac{1}{2}\)
Ta có : \(\dfrac{a}{b}\) < \(\dfrac{c}{d}\) => ad < bc (1)
Thêm ab và cả hai vế của (1) :
ad + ab < bc + ab
a(b+d) < b(a+c)
=> \(\dfrac{a}{b}\) < \(\dfrac{a+c}{b+d}\) (2)
Thêm cd vào hai vế của (1) :
ad + cd < bc + cd
d( a+c) < c( b+d )
=> \(\dfrac{a+c}{b+d}\) < \(\dfrac{c}{d}\) (3)
Từ (2) và (3) ta có : \(\dfrac{a}{b}\) < \(\dfrac{a+c}{b+d}\) < \(\dfrac{c}{d}\)