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\(S=\left(1-\dfrac{1}{4}\right)+\left(1-\dfrac{1}{9}\right)+\left(1-\dfrac{1}{16}\right)+...+\left(1-\dfrac{1}{n^2}\right)\\ S=\left(1+1+...+1\right)-\left(\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{9}+...+\dfrac{1}{n^2}\right)\\ S=n-1-\left(\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{9}+...+\dfrac{1}{n^2}\right)< n-1\)
Lại có \(\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{9}+..+\dfrac{1}{n^2}=\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{n^2}\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{9}+...+\dfrac{1}{n^2}< \dfrac{1}{1.2}+\dfrac{1}{2.3}+...+\dfrac{1}{n\left(n-1\right)}< 1-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{n-1}-\dfrac{1}{n}=1-\dfrac{1}{n}< 1\)
\(\Rightarrow S>n-1-1=n-2\\ \Rightarrow n-2< S< n-1\\ \Rightarrow S\notin N\)
\(A=\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{n^2}< \dfrac{1}{1.2}+\dfrac{1}{2.3}+...+\dfrac{1}{n\left(n-1\right)}\\ A< 1-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{n-1}-\dfrac{1}{n}=1-\dfrac{1}{n}< 1\left(\dfrac{1}{n}>0\right)\)
Ta có: \(\frac{1}{2^2}=\frac{1}{2.2}< \frac{1}{1.2};\frac{1}{3^2}=\frac{1}{3.3}< \frac{1}{2.3};...;\frac{1}{n^2}=\frac{1}{n.n}< \frac{1}{\left(n-1\right)n}\)
Do đó \(a< 1+\frac{1}{1.2}+\frac{1}{2.3}+\frac{1}{3.4}+...+\frac{1}{\left(n-1\right)n}\)
\(=1+\left(\frac{1}{1}-\frac{1}{2}\right)+\left(\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3}\right)+...+\left(\frac{1}{n-1}-\frac{1}{n}\right)\)
\(=1+1-\frac{1}{n}=2-\frac{1}{n}< 2\)
Suy ra, 1 < a < 2. Vậy a không phải số tự nhiên
Ta có:
\(\dfrac{1}{2^2}< \dfrac{1}{1.2}\)
\(\dfrac{1}{3^2}< \dfrac{1}{2.3}\)
\(\dfrac{1}{4^2}< \dfrac{1}{3.4}\)
...
\(\dfrac{1}{n^2}< \dfrac{1}{n\left(n-1\right)}\)
\(\Rightarrow P< \dfrac{1}{1.2}+\dfrac{1}{2.3}+\dfrac{1}{3.4}+...+\dfrac{1}{n\left(n-1\right)}\)
\(\Rightarrow P< 1-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{4}+...+\dfrac{1}{n-1}-\dfrac{1}{n}\)
\(\Rightarrow P< 1-\dfrac{1}{n}< 1\)
\(\Rightarrow P< 1\)
Lời giải:
$n=1$ thì $S=0$ nguyên nhé bạn. Phải là $n>1$
\(S=1-\frac{1}{1^2}+1-\frac{1}{2^2}+1-\frac{1}{3^2}+...+1-\frac{1}{n^2}\)
\(=n-\underbrace{\left(1+\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{3^2}+...+\frac{1}{n^2}\right)}_{M}\)
Để cm $S$ không nguyên ta cần chứng minh $M$ không nguyên. Thật vậy
\(M> 1+\frac{1}{2.3}+\frac{1}{3.4}+...+\frac{1}{n(n+1)}=1+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{4}+....+\frac{1}{n}-\frac{1}{n+1}\)
\(M>1+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{n+1}>1\) với mọi $n>1$
Mặt khác:
\(M< 1+\frac{1}{1.2}+\frac{1}{2.3}+...+\frac{1}{(n-1)n}=1+\frac{1}{1}-\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3}+....+\frac{1}{n-1}-\frac{1}{n}\)
\(M< 1+1-\frac{1}{n}< 2\)
Vậy $1< M< 2$ nên $M$ không nguyên. Kéo theo $S$ không nguyên.
Lời giải:
a) \(A=\left(\frac{1}{2}-1\right)\left(\frac{1}{3}-1\right)...\left(\frac{1}{n-1}-1\right)\left(\frac{1}{n}-1\right)\)
\(=\frac{1-2}{2}.\frac{1-3}{3}.\frac{1-4}{4}...\frac{-(n-2)}{n-1}.\frac{-(n-1)}{n}\)
\(=\frac{(-1)(-2)(-3)...[-(n-2)][-(n-1)]}{2.3.4...(n-1)n}\)
\(=\frac{(-1)^{n-1}(1.2.3....(n-2)(n-1))}{2.3.4...(n-1)n}=(-1)^{n-1}.\frac{1}{n}\)
b) \(B=\left(\frac{1}{2^2}-1\right)\left(\frac{1}{3^2}-1\right)...\left(\frac{1}{n^2}-1\right)\)
\(=\frac{1-2^2}{2^2}.\frac{1-3^2}{3^2}.....\frac{1-n^2}{n^2}\)
\(=\frac{(-1)(2^2-1)}{2^2}.\frac{(-1)(3^2-1)}{3^2}....\frac{(-1)(n^2-1)}{n^2}\)
\(=(-1)^{n-1}.\frac{(2^2-1)(3^2-1)...(n^2-1)}{2^2.3^2....n^2}\)
\(=(-1)^{n-1}.\frac{(2-1)(2+1)(3-1)(3+1)...(n-1)(n+1)}{2^2.3^2....n^2}\)
\(=(-1)^{n-1}.\frac{(2-1)(3-1)...(n-1)}{2.3...n}.\frac{(2+1)(3+1)...(n+1)}{2.3...n}\)
\(=(-1)^{n-1}.\frac{1.2.3...(n-1)}{2.3...n}.\frac{3.4...(n+1)}{2.3.4...n}\)
\(=(-1)^{n-1}.\frac{1}{n}.\frac{n+1}{2}=(-1)^{n-1}.\frac{n+1}{2n}\)
Ta có \(\dfrac{1}{2^2}=\dfrac{1}{2.2}< \dfrac{1}{1.2};\dfrac{1}{3^2}=\dfrac{1}{3.3}< \dfrac{1}{2.3};...;\dfrac{1}{n^2}=\dfrac{1}{n.n}< \dfrac{1}{\left(n-1\right)n}\)
Do đó \(a< 1+\dfrac{1}{1.2}+\dfrac{1}{2.3}+\dfrac{1}{3.4}+...+\dfrac{1}{\left(n-1\right)n}=1+\left(\dfrac{1}{1}-\dfrac{1}{2}\right)+\left(\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}\right)+...+\left(\dfrac{1}{n-1}-\dfrac{1}{n}\right)\)
\(=1+1-\dfrac{1}{n}=1-\dfrac{1}{n}< 2\) . Suy ra \(1< a< 2\)
Vậy \(a\) khôg phải số tự nhiên
Ta có: `1 < 1 + 1/2^2 + ... + 1/n^2`
`1/(2.2) < 1/(1.2)`
`1/(3.3) < 1/(2.3)`
`...`
`1/(n^2) < 1/(n-1(n))`
`=> 1/2^2 + ... + 1/n^2 < 1/(1.2) + ... + 1/(n-1(n)) = 1/1 - 1/n < 1`.
`=> a < 1 + 1 = 2`.
`=> 1 < a < 2`.
`=>` Đây không là số tự nhiên.