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\(x^2+y^2+2\left(x+y\right)-xy=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow4x^2-4xy+4y^2+8\left(x+y\right)=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(2x-y\right)^2+4\left(2x-y\right)+4+3y^2+12y+12=-16\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(2x-y+2\right)^2+3\left(y+2\right)^2=-16\)
Dễ thấy VT \(\ge0\) ; VP < 0 nên phương trình vô nghiệm
\(x^2+y^2-2\left(x+y\right)=xy\)
\(\Rightarrow x^2-2x+1+y^2-2y+1=2+xy\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(x-1\right)^2+\left(y-1\right)^2=2+xy\)
Ta lại có : \(\left(x-1\right)^2+\left(y-1\right)^2\ge2\left(x-1\right)\left(y-1\right)\) (Bất đẳng thức Cauchy)
Ta có (1) ⇔ x 4 + x 2 + 20 = y 2 + y
Ta thấy: x 4 + x 2 < x 4 + x 2 + 20 ≤ x 4 + x 2 + 20 + 8 x 2 ⇔ x 2 ( x 2 + 1 ) < y ( y + 1 ) ≤ ( x 2 + 4 ) ( x 2 + 5 )
Vì x, y ∈ Z nên ta xét các trường hợp sau
+ TH1. y ( y + 1 ) = ( x 2 + 1 ) ( x 2 + 2 ) ⇔ x 4 + x 2 + 20 = x 4 + 3 x 2 + 2 ⇔ 2 x 2 = 18 ⇔ x 2 = 9 ⇔ x = ± 3
Với x 2 = 9 ⇒ y 2 + y = 9 2 + 9 + 20 ⇔ y 2 + y − 110 = 0 ⇔ y = 10 ; y = − 11 ( t . m )
+ TH2 y ( y + 1 ) = ( x 2 + 2 ) ( x 2 + 3 ) ⇔ x 4 + x 2 + 20 = x 4 + 5 x 2 + 6 ⇔ 4 x 2 = 14 ⇔ x 2 = 7 2 ( l o ạ i )
+ TH3: y ( y + 1 ) = ( x 2 + 3 ) ( x 2 + 4 ) ⇔ 6 x 2 = 8 ⇔ x 2 = 4 3 ( l o ạ i )
+ TH4: y ( y + 1 ) = ( x 2 + 4 ) ( x 2 + 5 ) ⇔ 8 x 2 = 0 ⇔ x 2 = 0 ⇔ x = 0
Với x 2 = 0 ta có y 2 + y = 20 ⇔ y 2 + y − 20 = 0 ⇔ y = − 5 ; y = 4
Vậy PT đã cho có nghiệm nguyên (x;y) là :
(3;10), (3;-11), (-3; 10), (-3;-11), (0; -5), (0;4).
\(\Leftrightarrow\)\(4y^2+12y=4x^4+4x^2+72\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(2y+3\right)^2=\left(2x^2+1\right)^2+80\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(2y+3\right)^2-\left(2x^2+1\right)^2=80\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(2y+3-2x^2-1\right)\left(2y+3+2x^2+1\right)=80\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(y-x^2+1\right)\left(y+x^2+2\right)=20\)
Do \(x,y\in Z\) => \(y+1-x^2;y+x^2+2\in Z\)
=>\(y+1-x^2;y+x^2+2\inƯ\left(20\right)\)
Kẻ bảng làm nốt nha.
Từ phương trình \(y\left(x-1\right)=x^2+2\Rightarrow x^2+2\vdots x-1\to x^2-1+3\vdots x-1\to3\vdots x-1\to x-1=\pm1,\pm3.\)
Do vậy mà \(x=2,0,4,-2\). Tương ứng ta có \(y=6,-2,6,-2\)
Vậy các nghiệm nguyên của phương trình \(\left(x,y\right)=\left(2,6\right),\left(0,-2\right),\left(4,6\right),\left(-2,-2\right).\)
\(x^2-\left(2007+y\right)x+3+y=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x^2-2007x-xy+3+y=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x^2-x-2006x+2006-xy+y=2003\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x\left(x-1\right)-2006\left(x-1\right)-y\left(x-1\right)=2003\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x-1\right)\left(x-2006-y\right)=2003\)
Do x;y là số nguyên nên x-1 là ước của 2003, 2003 là số nguyên tố nên ta có \(x-1=\left\{-2003;-1;1;2003\right\}\)
\(\Rightarrow x=\left\{-2002;0;2;2004\right\}\)
Với x=-2002 thì -2002-2006-y=-1 => y=-4007
Với x=0 thì 0-2006-y=-2003 => y=-3
Với x=2 thì 2-2006-y=2003 => y=-4007
Với x=2004 thì 2004-2006-y=1 => y=-3
Vậy các cặp số nguyên (x;y) cần tìm là (-2002;-4007);(-2;-4007);(0;-3);(2004;-3)
\(x^2-25=y\left(y+6\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x^2-25=y^2+6y\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x^2-25-y^2-6y=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x^2-\left(y^2+6y+9\right)-16=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x^2-\left(y+3\right)^2=16\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x+y+3\right)\left(x-y-3\right)=16\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x+y+3\right);\left(x-y-3\right)\in\left\{-1;1;-2;2;-4;4;-8;8;-16;16\right\}\)
Ta giải các hệ phương trình sau :
1) \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y+3=-1\\x-y-3=-16\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y=-4\\x-y=-15\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}2x=-11\left(loại\right)\\x-y=-15\end{matrix}\right.\)
2) \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y+3=1\\x-y-3=16\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y=-2\\x-y=19\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}2x=17\left(loại\right)\\x-y=19\end{matrix}\right.\)
3) \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y+3=2\\x-y-3=8\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y=-1\\x-y=11\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}2x=10\\x-y=11\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=5\\y=-6\end{matrix}\right.\)
4) \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y+3=-2\\x-y-3=-8\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y=-5\\x-y=-5\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}2x=-10\\x-y=-5\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=-5\\y=0\end{matrix}\right.\)
5) \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y+3=-4\\x-y-3=-4\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y=-7\\x-y=-1\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}2x=-6\\x-y=-1\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=-3\\y=-2\end{matrix}\right.\)
6) \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y+3=4\\x-y-3=4\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y=1\\x-y=7\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}2x=8\\x-y=7\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=4\\y=-3\end{matrix}\right.\)
7) \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y+3=-8\\x-y-3=-2\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y=-11\\x-y=1\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}2x=-10\\x-y=1\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=-5\\y=-6\end{matrix}\right.\)
8) \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y+3=8\\x-y-3=2\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y=5\\x-y=5\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}2x=10\\x-y=5\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=5\\y=0\end{matrix}\right.\)
9) \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y+3=-16\\x-y-3=-1\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y=-19\\x-y=2\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}2x=-17\left(loại\right)\\x-y=2\end{matrix}\right.\)
10) \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y+3=16\\x-y-3=1\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y=15\\x-y=4\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}2x=19\left(loại\right)\\x-y=4\end{matrix}\right.\)
Vậy \(\left(x;y\right)\in\left\{\left(5;-6\right);\left(-5;0\right);\left(-3;-2\right);\left(4;-3\right);\left(-5;-6\right);\left(5;0\right)\right\}\)