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Ta đặt \(A=\left(x-y\right)^5+\left(y-z\right)^5+\left(z-x\right)^5\) . Ta sẽ phân tích A thành nhân tử:
\(A=\left(x-y+y-z\right)\left[\left(x-y\right)^4-\left(x-y\right)^3\left(y-z\right)+...-\left(x-y\right)\left(y-z\right)^3+\left(y-z\right)^4\right]\)+ \(\left(z-x\right)^5\)
\(A=\left(x-z\right)\left[\left(x-y\right)^4-\left(x-y\right)^3\left(y-z\right)+...-\left(x-y\right)\left(y-z\right)^3+\left(y-z\right)^4\right]\)+ \(\left(z-x\right)^5\)
\(A=\left(x-z\right)\left[\left(x-y\right)^4-\left(x-y\right)^3\left(y-z\right)+...-\left(x-y\right)\left(y-z\right)^3+\left(y-z\right)^4-\left(z-x\right)^4\right]\)
\(A=\left(x-z\right).B\)
Ta phân tích \(\left(y-z\right)^4-\left(z-x\right)^4=\left[\left(y-z\right)^2+\left(z-x\right)^2\right]\left(x+y-2z\right)\left(y-x\right)\)
và \(\left(x-y\right)^4-\left(x-y\right)^3\left(y-z\right)+...-\left(x-y\right)\left(y-z\right)^3\)
\(=\left(x-y\right)\left[\left(x-y\right)^3-\left(x-y\right)^2\left(y-z\right)+\left(x-y\right)\left(y-z\right)^2-\left(y-z\right)^3\right]\)
Đặt \(C=\left(x-y\right)^3-\left(x-y\right)^2\left(y-z\right)+\left(x-y\right)\left(y-z\right)^2-\left(y-z\right)^3\)
\(D=\left[\left(y-z\right)^2+\left(z-x\right)^2\right]\left(x-z+y-z\right)\)
\(=\left(x-z\right)\left(y-z\right)^2+\left(y-z\right)^3-\left(z-x\right)^3+\left(y-z\right)\left(z-x\right)^2\)
\(C-D=\left(y-z\right)\left[-\left(x-y\right)^2-3\left(y-z\right)^2-\left(z-x\right)^2-\left(x-y\right)^2+\left(x-y\right)\left(z-x\right)-\left(z-x\right)^2\right]\)
\(=\left(y-z\right)\left[5\left(-x^2+xy-y^2-z^2+yz+zx\right)\right]\)
Vậy \(A=5\left(x-y\right)\left(y-z\right)\left(z-x\right)\left(x^2+y^2+z^2-xy-yz-zx\right)\)
Vậy \(A=\left(x-z\right)\left(x-y\right)\left(y-z\right)\left(x^2+y^2+z^2-xy-yz-zx\right)\)
nên chia hết cho \(5\left(x-y\right)\left(y-z\right)\left(z-x\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{x^2}{2}-\dfrac{x^2}{5}+\dfrac{y^2}{3}-\dfrac{y^2}{5}+\dfrac{z^2}{4}-\dfrac{z^2}{5}=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{3}{10}x^2+\dfrac{2}{15}y^2+\dfrac{1}{20}z^2=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x=y=z=0\)
A=\(\frac{x^2y^2+x^2z^2+y^2z^2}{x^2y^2z^2}\)
Ta có:\(x^2y^2+x^2z^2+y^2z^2=\left(xy+yz+zx\right)^2-2\left(xyz\right)\left(x+y+z\right)\)
\(=\left(xy+yz+zx\right)^2\)(do x+y+z=0)
Do đó A=\(\frac{\left(xy+yz+zx\right)^2}{\left(xyz\right)^2}=\left[\frac{\left(xy+yz+zx\right)}{xyz}\right]^2\)
Nên A là số chính phương(ĐCCM)
Đặt \(A=\frac{1}{\left(x-y\right)^2}+\frac{1}{\left(y-z\right)^2}+\frac{1}{\left(z-x\right)^2}\)
\(=\frac{\left(y-z\right)^2\left(z-x\right)^2+\left(x-y\right)^2\left(z-x\right)^2+\left(x-y\right)^2\left(y-z\right)^2}{\left(x-y\right)^2\left(y-z\right)^2\left(z-x\right)^2}\)
Xét B=(y-z)2(z-x)2+(x-y)2(z-x)2+(x-y)2(y-z)2
Đặt a=(y-z)(z-x), b=(x-y)(z-x), c=(x-y)(y-z)
Ta có:B=a2+b2+c2=(a+b+c)2-2(ab+bc+ca)
=(a+b+c)2-2((x-y)(y-z)(z-x)(z-x + x-y + y-z)
=(a+b+c)2-0=(a+b+c)2
=[(y-z)(z-x)+(x-y)(z-x)+(x-y)(y-z)]2
\(\Rightarrow A=\frac{\text{[x-y)(z-x)+(x-y)(z-x)+(x-y)(y-z)]^2}}{\text{[(x-y)(y-z)(z-x)]^2}}\)
=> A là bình phương 1 số hữu tỉ
\(x^5-x=x\left(x^4-1\right)=x\left(x-1\right)\left(x+1\right)\left(x^2+1\right)=x\left(x-1\right)\left(x+1\right)\left(x^2-4+5\right)=x\left(x-1\right)\left(x+1\right)\left(x^2-4\right)+5x\left(x-1\right)\left(x+1\right)=\left(x-2\right)\left(x-1\right)x\left(x+1\right)\left(x+2\right)+5x\left(x-1\right)\left(x+1\right)\)
Do \(\left(x-2\right)\left(x-1\right)x\left(x+1\right)\left(x+2\right)\) là tích 5 số tự nhiên liên tiếp nên có 1 số chia hết cho 5, một số chia hết cho 2 và một số chia hết cho 3\(\Rightarrow\left(x-2\right)\left(x-1\right)x\left(x+1\right)\left(x+2\right)⋮2.3.5=30\)
Mặt khác: \(x\left(x-1\right)\left(x+1\right)\) là tích 3 số tự nhiên liên tiếp nên có một số chia hết cho 2 và một số chia hết cho 3
\(\Rightarrow x\left(x-1\right)\left(x+1\right)⋮6\)\(\Rightarrow5x\left(x-1\right)\left(x+1\right)⋮5.6=30\)
\(\Rightarrow x^5-x=\left(x-2\right)\left(x-1\right)x\left(x+1\right)\left(x+2\right)+5x\left(x-1\right)\left(x+1\right)⋮30\)
CMTT \(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}y^5-y⋮30\\z^5-z⋮30\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(x^5+y^5+z^5\right)-\left(x+y+z\right)⋮30\)
Mà \(x+y+z=2010⋮30\)
\(\Rightarrow x^5+y^5+z^5⋮30\)
x.(x+y+z) = 5 ⇔ x + y + z = \(\dfrac{5}{x}\) (1)
y(x+y+z) = 4 ⇔ x + y + z = \(\dfrac{4}{y}\) (2)
z(x+y+z) = -5 ⇔ x + y + z = \(\dfrac{-5}{z}\) (3)
kết hợp (1); (2) và(3) ta có :
\(\dfrac{5}{x}=\dfrac{4}{y}=\dfrac{-5}{z}\) ⇒ \(\dfrac{5+4-5}{x+y+z}\) = \(\dfrac{4}{x+y+z}\) = \(\dfrac{5}{x}\) = x + y + z
⇒( x + y + z)2 = 4 ⇒ x + y + z = +- 2
⇒ x = +- \(\dfrac{5}{2}\)
y= +- 2
z = - + \(\dfrac{5}{2}\)
vậy (x,y,z) = ( 5/2; 2; -5/2); ( -5/2; -2; 5/2)